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Recent advances in black phosphorus: Synthesis, characterization, surface functionalization, defect tailoring and photocatalytic applications.

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Title: Recent advances in black phosphorus: Synthesis, characterization, surface functionalization, defect tailoring and photocatalytic applications.
Authors: Hayat, Asif1 (AUTHOR), Emara, Ashraf M.2 (AUTHOR), Orooji, Yasin3,4 (AUTHOR), Alghamdi, Majed M.5 (AUTHOR), El-Zahhar, Adel A.5 (AUTHOR), Abu-Dief, Ahmed M.6,7 (AUTHOR), Hassan, Hassan M.A.8 (AUTHOR), Guo, Sheng-Rong1 (AUTHOR) guosr9609@lsu.edu.cn, Ali, Hamid1,9 (AUTHOR) hamidpu422@hotmail.com
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. Feb2026, Vol. 227, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: Photocatalysts, Two-dimensional materials (Nanotechnology), Surface preparation, Materials testing, Chemical synthesis, Phosphorene
Abstract: Black phosphorus (BP) is a layer two-dimensional material with a tunable direct bandgap, high carrier mobility, and pronounced in-plane anisotropy, making it highly attractive for energy and photocatalytic applications. Its unique electronic and optical properties enable efficient light absorption, rapid charge transport, and effective electrons-holes separation, which are essential for sustainable energy technologies. In the context of the ongoing energy crisis, BP-based materials have shown great promise in photocatalytic performance such as hydrogen production, overall water splitting, oxygen evolution, CO 2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, and pollutant degradation, offering a pathway toward renewable and clean energy generation. This review comprehensively covers recent advances in BP, including its crystal and band structure, characterizations, anisotropic behavior, defect engineering, surface properties, morphology, and functionalization, as well as state-of-the-art synthesis techniques that enhance stability and photocatalytic performance. By integrating these aspects, our review highlights strategies to overcome current limitations, making it a valuable roadmap for developing next-generation BP-based photocatalysts and energy conversion systems. [Display omitted] • BP is a 2D anisotropy material having an intrinsic bandgap and remarkable features. • Advancements made in the synthesis of BP and BP-based composites has been discussed in detail. • The Raman, optical, crystal, band, mechanical, and thermal attributes of BP are investigated. • The anisotropy physical properties and defect structure of BP were briefly examined. • Photocatalytic applications of BP have been discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Recent advances in black phosphorus: Synthesis, characterization, surface functionalization, defect tailoring and photocatalytic applications.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hayat%2C+Asif%22">Hayat, Asif</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Emara%2C+Ashraf+M%2E%22">Emara, Ashraf M.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Orooji%2C+Yasin%22">Orooji, Yasin</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alghamdi%2C+Majed+M%2E%22">Alghamdi, Majed M.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22El-Zahhar%2C+Adel+A%2E%22">El-Zahhar, Adel A.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Abu-Dief%2C+Ahmed+M%2E%22">Abu-Dief, Ahmed M.</searchLink><relatesTo>6,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hassan%2C+Hassan+M%2EA%2E%22">Hassan, Hassan M.A.</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guo%2C+Sheng-Rong%22">Guo, Sheng-Rong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> guosr9609@lsu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ali%2C+Hamid%22">Ali, Hamid</searchLink><relatesTo>1,9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hamidpu422@hotmail.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Renewable+%26+Sustainable+Energy+Reviews%22">Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 227, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photocatalysts%22">Photocatalysts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Two-dimensional+materials+%28Nanotechnology%29%22">Two-dimensional materials (Nanotechnology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+preparation%22">Surface preparation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Materials+testing%22">Materials testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+synthesis%22">Chemical synthesis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phosphorene%22">Phosphorene</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Black phosphorus (BP) is a layer two-dimensional material with a tunable direct bandgap, high carrier mobility, and pronounced in-plane anisotropy, making it highly attractive for energy and photocatalytic applications. Its unique electronic and optical properties enable efficient light absorption, rapid charge transport, and effective electrons-holes separation, which are essential for sustainable energy technologies. In the context of the ongoing energy crisis, BP-based materials have shown great promise in photocatalytic performance such as hydrogen production, overall water splitting, oxygen evolution, CO 2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, and pollutant degradation, offering a pathway toward renewable and clean energy generation. This review comprehensively covers recent advances in BP, including its crystal and band structure, characterizations, anisotropic behavior, defect engineering, surface properties, morphology, and functionalization, as well as state-of-the-art synthesis techniques that enhance stability and photocatalytic performance. By integrating these aspects, our review highlights strategies to overcome current limitations, making it a valuable roadmap for developing next-generation BP-based photocatalysts and energy conversion systems. [Display omitted] • BP is a 2D anisotropy material having an intrinsic bandgap and remarkable features. • Advancements made in the synthesis of BP and BP-based composites has been discussed in detail. • The Raman, optical, crystal, band, mechanical, and thermal attributes of BP are investigated. • The anisotropy physical properties and defect structure of BP were briefly examined. • Photocatalytic applications of BP have been discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116535
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Photocatalysts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Two-dimensional materials (Nanotechnology)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surface preparation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Materials testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical synthesis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phosphorene
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Recent advances in black phosphorus: Synthesis, characterization, surface functionalization, defect tailoring and photocatalytic applications.
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            – D: 01
              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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