The Relation Between Temperature, Ozone, and Mortality in Nine French Cities During the Heat Wave of 2003.

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Title:	The Relation Between Temperature, Ozone, and Mortality in Nine French Cities During the Heat Wave of 2003.
Authors:	Filleul, Laurent¹ laurent.filleul@sante.gouv.fr, Cassadou, Sylvie¹, Médina, Sylvia¹, Fabres, Pascal¹, Lefranc, Agnés², Eilstein, Daniel¹, Le Tertre, Alain¹, Pascal, Laurence¹, Chardon, Benoit², Blanchard, Myriam¹, Declercq, Christophe³, Jusot, Jean-François¹, Prouvost, Hélène³, Ledrans, Martine¹
Source:	Environmental Health Perspectives. Sep2006, Vol. 114 Issue 9, p1344-1347. 4p.
Subject Terms:	Ozone, Heat waves (Meteorology), Public health, Cities & towns, *Virus diseases, High temperatures, Mortality
Geographic Terms:	Europe, France
Abstract:	BACKGROUND: During August 2003, record high temperatures were observed across Europe, and France was the country most affected. During this period, elevated ozone concentrations were measured all over the country. Questions were raised concerning the contribution of O3 to the health impact of the summer 2003 heat wave. METHODS: We used a time-series design to analyze short-term effects of temperature and O3 pollution on mortality. Counts of deaths were regressed on temperatures and O3 levels, controlling for possible confounders: long-term trends, season, influenza outbreaks, day of the week, and bank holiday effects. For comparison with previous results of the nine cities, we calculated pooled excess risk using a random effect approach and an empirical Bayes approach. FINDINGS: For the nine cities, the excess risk of death is significant (1.01%; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–1.44) for an increase of 10 μg/m3 in O3 level. For the 3–17 August 2003 period, the excess risk of deaths linked to O3 and temperatures together ranged from 10.6% in Le Havre to 174.7% in Paris. When we compared the relative contributions of O3 and temperature to this joint excess risk, the contribution of O3 varied according to the city, ranging from 2.5% in Bordeaux to 85.3% in Toulouse. INTERPRETATION: We observed heterogeneity among the nine cities not only for the joint effect of O3 and temperatures, but also for the relative contribution of each factor. These results confirmed that in urban areas O3 levels have a non-negligible impact in terms of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database:	GreenFILE

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Abstract:	BACKGROUND: During August 2003, record high temperatures were observed across Europe, and France was the country most affected. During this period, elevated ozone concentrations were measured all over the country. Questions were raised concerning the contribution of O3 to the health impact of the summer 2003 heat wave. METHODS: We used a time-series design to analyze short-term effects of temperature and O3 pollution on mortality. Counts of deaths were regressed on temperatures and O3 levels, controlling for possible confounders: long-term trends, season, influenza outbreaks, day of the week, and bank holiday effects. For comparison with previous results of the nine cities, we calculated pooled excess risk using a random effect approach and an empirical Bayes approach. FINDINGS: For the nine cities, the excess risk of death is significant (1.01%; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–1.44) for an increase of 10 μg/m3 in O3 level. For the 3–17 August 2003 period, the excess risk of deaths linked to O3 and temperatures together ranged from 10.6% in Le Havre to 174.7% in Paris. When we compared the relative contributions of O3 and temperature to this joint excess risk, the contribution of O3 varied according to the city, ranging from 2.5% in Bordeaux to 85.3% in Toulouse. INTERPRETATION: We observed heterogeneity among the nine cities not only for the joint effect of O3 and temperatures, but also for the relative contribution of each factor. These results confirmed that in urban areas O3 levels have a non-negligible impact in terms of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:	00916765
DOI:	10.1289/ehp.8328