Collapse Risk Assessment for Tunnel Entrance Construction in Weak Surrounding Rock Based on the WOA–XGBOOST Method and a Game Theory-Informed Combined Cloud Model.

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Title: Collapse Risk Assessment for Tunnel Entrance Construction in Weak Surrounding Rock Based on the WOA–XGBOOST Method and a Game Theory-Informed Combined Cloud Model.
Authors: Zheng, Weiqiang1, Wu, Bo1,2, Xu, Shixiang1,3, Chen, Ximao2,3,4, Ye, Yongping1,2,3, Liu, Yongming2,3, Dou, Zhongsi1,3, Liu, Cong1,4, Zhu, Yuxuan1, Li, Zhiping4
Source: Applied Sciences (2076-3417); Dec2025, Vol. 15 Issue 24, p13194, 25p
Database: Applied Science & Technology Source
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ISSN:20763417
DOI:10.3390/app152413194