Water hardness and eczema at 1 and 4 y of age in the INMA birth cohort.
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| Title: | Water hardness and eczema at 1 and 4 y of age in the INMA birth cohort. |
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| Authors: | Font-Ribera, Laia1,2,3,4 lfont@creal.cat, Gracia-Lavedan, Esther1,2,3 egracia@creal.cat, Esplugues, Ana4,5 esplugues_ana@gva.es, Ballester, Ferran4,5 ballester_fer@gva.es, Jiménez Zabala, Ana6,7 mambien1-san@euskadi.eus, Santa Marina, Loreto4,6,7 ambien4ss-san@ej-gv.es, Fernández-Somoano, Ana4,8 capua.uo@uniovi.es, Sunyer, Jordi1,2,3,4 jsunyer@creal.cat, Villanueva, Cristina M.1,2,3,4 cvillanueva@creal.cat |
| Source: | Environmental Research. Oct2015, Vol. 142, p579-585. 7p. |
| Subjects: | Eczema -- Risk factors, Water hardness, Cohort analysis, Juvenile diseases, Calcium carbonate, Atopic dermatitis |
| Abstract: | Background : Exposure to hard water has been suggested as a risk factor for eczema in childhood, based on limited evidence from two ecologic and two cross-sectional studies. Objectives : We evaluate this hypothesis for the first time in early infancy using prospective data from a mother–child cohort study. Methods : We used data from the INMA cohorts in Gipuzkoa, Sabadell and Valencia, Spain ( N =1638). Current and ever eczema, bathing frequency and duration and covariables were collected by questionnaires at 14 months (14 m) and 4 years (4 y). Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) level in municipal water was assigned to home addresses at birth, 14 m and 4 y. We calculated Odds Ratio (OR) of eczema related to CaCO 3 at home, bath exposure and a combination of both. Results : Prevalence of eczema ever was 18.4% at 14 m and 33.4% at 4 y. Mean CaCO 3 ranged from 51.6 to 272.8 mg/L among areas. No association was detected between water hardness at home and current or ever eczema. Adjusted OR was 0.79 (95%CI=0.45, 1.39) at 14 m and 0.93 (0.56, 1.52) at 4 y among children in the highest vs. lowest tertiles of CaCO 3 . Bath exposure alone or in combination with water hardness did not increase the OR of eczema at 14 m or 4 y either. Conclusions : We did not find an association between eczema and water hardness at home or bathing exposure during the first four years of life. This first cohort study in a critical age period with improved exposure assessment does not confirm the association suggested among children by previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| Database: | Engineering Source |
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