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Laser-induced forward transfer of high viscosity graphene inks.

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Title: Laser-induced forward transfer of high viscosity graphene inks.
Authors: Dilmy, Dawood1,2 (AUTHOR) ddd179@student.bham.ac.uk, Gaddam, Anvesh1 (AUTHOR), Cummins, Gerard1 (AUTHOR), Dimov, Stefan1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing. Apr2025, Vol. 131 Issue 4, p1-16. 16p.
Subjects: Conductive ink, Printed electronics, Electric circuits, Phenomenology, Printed circuits
Abstract: Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) is gaining significant attention as a non-contact printing technique for high-viscosity conductive inks in printed electronics. However, the high wet thickness of printed tracks is essential for achieving effective electrical pathways, a requirement that has not been thoroughly considered so far. The wet thickness is a function of ink viscosity, substrate wettability, and the laser processing parameters. In this study, the printing mechanism of conductive graphene inks with viscosities ranging from 1 to 15 Pa.s using LIFT was investigated. The effects of pulse energy (30 to 120 µJ) and gap distance (50 to 300 μm) in printing voxels with a green nanosecond laser were systematically examined, providing a phenomenological understanding of the material transfer mechanism. The findings highlight the significant role of the temporal pulse distance in enhancing the wet thickness achievable during LIFT of high-viscosity inks, attributed to capillary healing phenomena. Additionally, the acceptor substrates' hydrophobicity was found to increase the wet thickness and improve the resolution of the printed voxels/tracks. Especially, the aspect ratio of LIFT-printed tracks was increased by more than 175% with 10 printing passes when a hydrophobic accepter was used. So, the optimal LIFT processing conditions were identified to achieve high-quality, high-aspect-ratio tracks, by considering synergistically the effects of the temporal pulse distance and the substrate wettability. Moreover, the resistivity of the LIFT-printed graphene tracks decreased by more than 84% after a 100-minute sintering step at 120 °C. This research advances understanding of LIFT printing high-viscosity conductive inks, particularly underpinning the development of high-resolution and high-aspect-ratio electrical circuits for printed electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Laser-induced forward transfer of high viscosity graphene inks.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Applied+Physics+A%3A+Materials+Science+%26+Processing%22">Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing</searchLink>. Apr2025, Vol. 131 Issue 4, p1-16. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Conductive+ink%22">Conductive ink</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Printed+electronics%22">Printed electronics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+circuits%22">Electric circuits</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phenomenology%22">Phenomenology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Printed+circuits%22">Printed circuits</searchLink>
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  Data: Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) is gaining significant attention as a non-contact printing technique for high-viscosity conductive inks in printed electronics. However, the high wet thickness of printed tracks is essential for achieving effective electrical pathways, a requirement that has not been thoroughly considered so far. The wet thickness is a function of ink viscosity, substrate wettability, and the laser processing parameters. In this study, the printing mechanism of conductive graphene inks with viscosities ranging from 1 to 15 Pa.s using LIFT was investigated. The effects of pulse energy (30 to 120 µJ) and gap distance (50 to 300 μm) in printing voxels with a green nanosecond laser were systematically examined, providing a phenomenological understanding of the material transfer mechanism. The findings highlight the significant role of the temporal pulse distance in enhancing the wet thickness achievable during LIFT of high-viscosity inks, attributed to capillary healing phenomena. Additionally, the acceptor substrates' hydrophobicity was found to increase the wet thickness and improve the resolution of the printed voxels/tracks. Especially, the aspect ratio of LIFT-printed tracks was increased by more than 175% with 10 printing passes when a hydrophobic accepter was used. So, the optimal LIFT processing conditions were identified to achieve high-quality, high-aspect-ratio tracks, by considering synergistically the effects of the temporal pulse distance and the substrate wettability. Moreover, the resistivity of the LIFT-printed graphene tracks decreased by more than 84% after a 100-minute sintering step at 120 °C. This research advances understanding of LIFT printing high-viscosity conductive inks, particularly underpinning the development of high-resolution and high-aspect-ratio electrical circuits for printed electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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              M: 04
              Text: Apr2025
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              Y: 2025
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