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Potent Fe-Sn-Cu Trioxide Catalysts for the Highly Efficient Green Synthesis of ε-Caprolactone by the Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction.

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Title: Potent Fe-Sn-Cu Trioxide Catalysts for the Highly Efficient Green Synthesis of ε-Caprolactone by the Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction.
Authors: Sun, Jia1,2 (AUTHOR), Gu, Qingyang1,2 (AUTHOR) guqingyang@bipt.edu.cn, Jin, Haibo1,2 (AUTHOR) jinhaibo@bipt.edu.cn, Yang, Suohe1,2 (AUTHOR), Qin, Rui1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Catalysis Letters. Dec2025, Vol. 155 Issue 12, p1-11. 11p.
Subjects: Catalysts, Caprolactones, Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement, Sustainable chemistry, Cyclohexanones, Catalyst structure, Biodegradable plastics
Abstract: A highly efficient Fe-Sn-Cu ternary oxide catalyst was developed for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclohexanone using O₂/benzaldehyde to synthesize ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), a key precursor for biodegradable polycaprolactone. Catalysts with varying Cu ratios were synthesized via co-precipitation and characterized. Moderate Cu doping (n(Fe): n(Sn): n(Cu) = 1:1:0.1) optimized mesoporous structure and mass transfer, with SnO₂ as the skeleton and highly dispersed Fe₂O₃/CuO creating synergistic active sites. BET analysis showed that this specific composition achieved an optimized mesoporous architecture with the largest average pore diameter (37.27 nm), enhancing mass transport and active site accessibility compared to the un-doped (28.55 nm) and over-doped (30.52 nm) variants. XPS analysis confirmed the coexistence of active species Fe³⁺, Sn⁴⁺, and Cu²⁺, where the incorporation of Cu²⁺ is crucial for accelerating the oxidation of benzaldehyde, the rate-determining step. Under optimal conditions (55 °C, 5 h, cyclohexanone/benzaldehyde = 1:3, O₂ flow = 25 mL·min⁻¹), Fe-Sn-0.1Cu achieved 99.9% cyclohexanone conversion, 99.9% ε-CL selectivity, and 98.5% benzaldehyde conversion. The catalyst retained activity over 9 cycles, demonstrating retained activity. Its low-cost preparation and potential for industrial application were highlighted. Notably, phenyl formate, a benzaldehyde oxidation byproduct requiring chromatographic separation, was identified to prevent analytical inaccuracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database: Engineering Source
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Abstract:A highly efficient Fe-Sn-Cu ternary oxide catalyst was developed for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclohexanone using O₂/benzaldehyde to synthesize ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), a key precursor for biodegradable polycaprolactone. Catalysts with varying Cu ratios were synthesized via co-precipitation and characterized. Moderate Cu doping (n(Fe): n(Sn): n(Cu) = 1:1:0.1) optimized mesoporous structure and mass transfer, with SnO₂ as the skeleton and highly dispersed Fe₂O₃/CuO creating synergistic active sites. BET analysis showed that this specific composition achieved an optimized mesoporous architecture with the largest average pore diameter (37.27 nm), enhancing mass transport and active site accessibility compared to the un-doped (28.55 nm) and over-doped (30.52 nm) variants. XPS analysis confirmed the coexistence of active species Fe³⁺, Sn⁴⁺, and Cu²⁺, where the incorporation of Cu²⁺ is crucial for accelerating the oxidation of benzaldehyde, the rate-determining step. Under optimal conditions (55 °C, 5 h, cyclohexanone/benzaldehyde = 1:3, O₂ flow = 25 mL·min⁻¹), Fe-Sn-0.1Cu achieved 99.9% cyclohexanone conversion, 99.9% ε-CL selectivity, and 98.5% benzaldehyde conversion. The catalyst retained activity over 9 cycles, demonstrating retained activity. Its low-cost preparation and potential for industrial application were highlighted. Notably, phenyl formate, a benzaldehyde oxidation byproduct requiring chromatographic separation, was identified to prevent analytical inaccuracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:1011372X
DOI:10.1007/s10562-025-05212-4