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Potent Fe-Sn-Cu Trioxide Catalysts for the Highly Efficient Green Synthesis of ε-Caprolactone by the Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction.

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Title: Potent Fe-Sn-Cu Trioxide Catalysts for the Highly Efficient Green Synthesis of ε-Caprolactone by the Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction.
Authors: Sun, Jia1,2 (AUTHOR), Gu, Qingyang1,2 (AUTHOR) guqingyang@bipt.edu.cn, Jin, Haibo1,2 (AUTHOR) jinhaibo@bipt.edu.cn, Yang, Suohe1,2 (AUTHOR), Qin, Rui1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Catalysis Letters. Dec2025, Vol. 155 Issue 12, p1-11. 11p.
Subjects: Catalysts, Caprolactones, Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement, Sustainable chemistry, Cyclohexanones, Catalyst structure, Biodegradable plastics
Abstract: A highly efficient Fe-Sn-Cu ternary oxide catalyst was developed for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclohexanone using O₂/benzaldehyde to synthesize ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), a key precursor for biodegradable polycaprolactone. Catalysts with varying Cu ratios were synthesized via co-precipitation and characterized. Moderate Cu doping (n(Fe): n(Sn): n(Cu) = 1:1:0.1) optimized mesoporous structure and mass transfer, with SnO₂ as the skeleton and highly dispersed Fe₂O₃/CuO creating synergistic active sites. BET analysis showed that this specific composition achieved an optimized mesoporous architecture with the largest average pore diameter (37.27 nm), enhancing mass transport and active site accessibility compared to the un-doped (28.55 nm) and over-doped (30.52 nm) variants. XPS analysis confirmed the coexistence of active species Fe³⁺, Sn⁴⁺, and Cu²⁺, where the incorporation of Cu²⁺ is crucial for accelerating the oxidation of benzaldehyde, the rate-determining step. Under optimal conditions (55 °C, 5 h, cyclohexanone/benzaldehyde = 1:3, O₂ flow = 25 mL·min⁻¹), Fe-Sn-0.1Cu achieved 99.9% cyclohexanone conversion, 99.9% ε-CL selectivity, and 98.5% benzaldehyde conversion. The catalyst retained activity over 9 cycles, demonstrating retained activity. Its low-cost preparation and potential for industrial application were highlighted. Notably, phenyl formate, a benzaldehyde oxidation byproduct requiring chromatographic separation, was identified to prevent analytical inaccuracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Catalysis Letters is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Potent Fe-Sn-Cu Trioxide Catalysts for the Highly Efficient Green Synthesis of ε-Caprolactone by the Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sun%2C+Jia%22">Sun, Jia</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gu%2C+Qingyang%22">Gu, Qingyang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> guqingyang@bipt.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jin%2C+Haibo%22">Jin, Haibo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jinhaibo@bipt.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Suohe%22">Yang, Suohe</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qin%2C+Rui%22">Qin, Rui</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Catalysis+Letters%22">Catalysis Letters</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 155 Issue 12, p1-11. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Catalysts%22">Catalysts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Caprolactones%22">Caprolactones</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Baeyer-Villiger+rearrangement%22">Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainable+chemistry%22">Sustainable chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cyclohexanones%22">Cyclohexanones</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Catalyst+structure%22">Catalyst structure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biodegradable+plastics%22">Biodegradable plastics</searchLink>
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  Data: A highly efficient Fe-Sn-Cu ternary oxide catalyst was developed for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclohexanone using O₂/benzaldehyde to synthesize ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), a key precursor for biodegradable polycaprolactone. Catalysts with varying Cu ratios were synthesized via co-precipitation and characterized. Moderate Cu doping (n(Fe): n(Sn): n(Cu) = 1:1:0.1) optimized mesoporous structure and mass transfer, with SnO₂ as the skeleton and highly dispersed Fe₂O₃/CuO creating synergistic active sites. BET analysis showed that this specific composition achieved an optimized mesoporous architecture with the largest average pore diameter (37.27 nm), enhancing mass transport and active site accessibility compared to the un-doped (28.55 nm) and over-doped (30.52 nm) variants. XPS analysis confirmed the coexistence of active species Fe³⁺, Sn⁴⁺, and Cu²⁺, where the incorporation of Cu²⁺ is crucial for accelerating the oxidation of benzaldehyde, the rate-determining step. Under optimal conditions (55 °C, 5 h, cyclohexanone/benzaldehyde = 1:3, O₂ flow = 25 mL·min⁻¹), Fe-Sn-0.1Cu achieved 99.9% cyclohexanone conversion, 99.9% ε-CL selectivity, and 98.5% benzaldehyde conversion. The catalyst retained activity over 9 cycles, demonstrating retained activity. Its low-cost preparation and potential for industrial application were highlighted. Notably, phenyl formate, a benzaldehyde oxidation byproduct requiring chromatographic separation, was identified to prevent analytical inaccuracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Catalysis Letters is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10562-025-05212-4
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Catalysts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Caprolactones
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      – SubjectFull: Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sustainable chemistry
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      – SubjectFull: Cyclohexanones
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      – SubjectFull: Catalyst structure
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      – SubjectFull: Biodegradable plastics
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      – TitleFull: Potent Fe-Sn-Cu Trioxide Catalysts for the Highly Efficient Green Synthesis of ε-Caprolactone by the Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction.
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            NameFull: Sun, Jia
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            NameFull: Gu, Qingyang
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            NameFull: Jin, Haibo
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
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              Y: 2025
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