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Nonlinear Flow Structures from the Interaction of Internal Waves with Topography.

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Title: Nonlinear Flow Structures from the Interaction of Internal Waves with Topography.
Authors: Klema, Matthew R.1 (AUTHOR) mrklema@fortlewis.edu, Venayagamoorthy, S. Karan2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Physical Oceanography. Dec2025, Vol. 55 Issue 12, p2477-2489. 13p.
Subjects: Internal waves, Topography, Fluid flow, Fluid dynamics, Computer simulation, Flow instability, Ocean currents, Mass transfer
Abstract: This paper presents numerical simulations of the interaction of first-mode internal waves with a topographic idge at the intermediate scale, O (100)   m , with a focus on the evolution of flow structures. Flow structure variation and evolution is explored through direct modifications to the amplitude of the internal wave interacting with topographic features of varying wave-topographic slope (γ/s), height of the topography to the total domain depth (ht/d), and the wave Froude number (Fr = U0/cph), where γ is the internal wave slope, s is the topographic slope, ht is the height of the topography, d is the simulation depth, U0 is the maximum velocity amplitude, and cph is the linear first-mode internal wave phase speed. Cases with internal wave slope equal to the topographic slope show flow dynamics with increased mixing and mass transport due to enhanced bolus formation as compared to the same cases where the internal wave and topographic slopes do not match. Increasing wave Froude numbers also increases nonlinear dynamics and formation of internal bolus cores. Internal bolus propagation past the ridge peak highlights a similarity to gravity currents, both in scaling and in the propagation dynamics. Significance Statement: Waves that are created and propagate internally within the depth of the ocean are referred to as internal waves. The purpose of this study is to help further understand, using computer-generated simulations, fluid overturns and dynamic structures, which result when these internal waves interact with oceanic ridges. Without needing to simulate the very smallest scales of flow, we were able to show that there is more mixing and crash-like wave dynamics when the incoming wave has higher energy and when the slope of the incoming wave matched the slope of the ridge. Breaking internal waves contribute to mixing of colder bottom water with warmer water from closer to the ocean surface, mixing nutrients, and driving ocean currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Physical Oceanography is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Nonlinear Flow Structures from the Interaction of Internal Waves with Topography.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Klema%2C+Matthew+R%2E%22">Klema, Matthew R.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mrklema@fortlewis.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Venayagamoorthy%2C+S%2E+Karan%22">Venayagamoorthy, S. Karan</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Physical+Oceanography%22">Journal of Physical Oceanography</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 55 Issue 12, p2477-2489. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Internal+waves%22">Internal waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Topography%22">Topography</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fluid+flow%22">Fluid flow</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fluid+dynamics%22">Fluid dynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flow+instability%22">Flow instability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+currents%22">Ocean currents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mass+transfer%22">Mass transfer</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This paper presents numerical simulations of the interaction of first-mode internal waves with a topographic idge at the intermediate scale, O (100)   m , with a focus on the evolution of flow structures. Flow structure variation and evolution is explored through direct modifications to the amplitude of the internal wave interacting with topographic features of varying wave-topographic slope (γ/s), height of the topography to the total domain depth (ht/d), and the wave Froude number (Fr = U0/cph), where γ is the internal wave slope, s is the topographic slope, ht is the height of the topography, d is the simulation depth, U0 is the maximum velocity amplitude, and cph is the linear first-mode internal wave phase speed. Cases with internal wave slope equal to the topographic slope show flow dynamics with increased mixing and mass transport due to enhanced bolus formation as compared to the same cases where the internal wave and topographic slopes do not match. Increasing wave Froude numbers also increases nonlinear dynamics and formation of internal bolus cores. Internal bolus propagation past the ridge peak highlights a similarity to gravity currents, both in scaling and in the propagation dynamics. Significance Statement: Waves that are created and propagate internally within the depth of the ocean are referred to as internal waves. The purpose of this study is to help further understand, using computer-generated simulations, fluid overturns and dynamic structures, which result when these internal waves interact with oceanic ridges. Without needing to simulate the very smallest scales of flow, we were able to show that there is more mixing and crash-like wave dynamics when the incoming wave has higher energy and when the slope of the incoming wave matched the slope of the ridge. Breaking internal waves contribute to mixing of colder bottom water with warmer water from closer to the ocean surface, mixing nutrients, and driving ocean currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Physical Oceanography is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1175/JPO-D-24-0228.1
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 2477
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Internal waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Topography
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluid flow
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluid dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flow instability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ocean currents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mass transfer
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Nonlinear Flow Structures from the Interaction of Internal Waves with Topography.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Klema, Matthew R.
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            NameFull: Venayagamoorthy, S. Karan
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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