Development and Characterization of Clean Fracturing Fluid Based on Gemini Surfactant for Coalbed Methane Extraction.
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| Title: | Development and Characterization of Clean Fracturing Fluid Based on Gemini Surfactant for Coalbed Methane Extraction. |
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| Authors: | Liu, Jun1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Yuan, Chao1,2 (AUTHOR) yuanchao_2025@126.com, Du, Rongjie1,3 (AUTHOR), Qu, Yansi1,2,3 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Energies (19961073). Dec2025, Vol. 18 Issue 23, p6094. 17p. |
| Subjects: | Coalbed methane, Fracturing fluids, Properties of fluids, Permeability, Viscosity, Surface active agents, Petroleum engineering |
| Abstract: | Addressing the issues of low permeability, stress sensitivity in CBM reservoirs, and severe reservoir damage from traditional fracturing fluids, we prepared a Gemini surfactant (designated GEM-CBM) for CBM development using ethanolamine, epichlorohydrin, and alkylamidopropyl dimethylamine as feedstocks. On this basis, we further developed a clean fracturing fluid system. The synthesis process of GEM-CBM was optimized via single-factor and orthogonal experiments. The surface activity of GEM-CBM was assessed through surface tension measurements, whereas the sand-carrying capacity, the rheological properties, gel-breaking performance, and reservoir compatibility were comprehensively examined. The optimal conditions for GEM-CBM are listed as follows: the molar ratio of intermediate to alkylamidopropyl dimethylamine being 1:2.2, reacted at 80 °C for 20 h, with a conversion rate of 96.5%. FTIR verified the existence of characteristic functional groups, and EA results matched the theoretical molecular composition. GEM-CBM has good performance, with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 19.0 μmol/L and a surface tension at CMC (γCMC) of 37.44 mN/m. The optimized clean fracturing fluid (formulation: 2.3% GEM-CBM + 0.3% Tween-80 + simulated formation water with 150,000 mg/L mineralization) exhibited a viscosity of 82 mPa·s (66.7% viscosity retention rate) after being subjected to 100 min of shearing at 90 °C and 170 s−1. At 90 °C, the proppant settlement velocity was less than 0.15 mm/s, and complete gel breaking was achieved within 30 min without residues. For coal cores from the Qinshui Basin, the permeability recovery rate reached 78.6%. The permeability recovery rate of coal cores from the Qinshui Basin reached 78.6%. This fracturing fluid realizes viscosity enhancement and sand carrying via the worm-like micellar network formed by GEM-CBM, inducing minimal damage to CBM reservoirs and offering technical support for efficient CBM extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Abstract: | Addressing the issues of low permeability, stress sensitivity in CBM reservoirs, and severe reservoir damage from traditional fracturing fluids, we prepared a Gemini surfactant (designated GEM-CBM) for CBM development using ethanolamine, epichlorohydrin, and alkylamidopropyl dimethylamine as feedstocks. On this basis, we further developed a clean fracturing fluid system. The synthesis process of GEM-CBM was optimized via single-factor and orthogonal experiments. The surface activity of GEM-CBM was assessed through surface tension measurements, whereas the sand-carrying capacity, the rheological properties, gel-breaking performance, and reservoir compatibility were comprehensively examined. The optimal conditions for GEM-CBM are listed as follows: the molar ratio of intermediate to alkylamidopropyl dimethylamine being 1:2.2, reacted at 80 °C for 20 h, with a conversion rate of 96.5%. FTIR verified the existence of characteristic functional groups, and EA results matched the theoretical molecular composition. GEM-CBM has good performance, with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 19.0 μmol/L and a surface tension at CMC (γCMC) of 37.44 mN/m. The optimized clean fracturing fluid (formulation: 2.3% GEM-CBM + 0.3% Tween-80 + simulated formation water with 150,000 mg/L mineralization) exhibited a viscosity of 82 mPa·s (66.7% viscosity retention rate) after being subjected to 100 min of shearing at 90 °C and 170 s−1. At 90 °C, the proppant settlement velocity was less than 0.15 mm/s, and complete gel breaking was achieved within 30 min without residues. For coal cores from the Qinshui Basin, the permeability recovery rate reached 78.6%. The permeability recovery rate of coal cores from the Qinshui Basin reached 78.6%. This fracturing fluid realizes viscosity enhancement and sand carrying via the worm-like micellar network formed by GEM-CBM, inducing minimal damage to CBM reservoirs and offering technical support for efficient CBM extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| ISSN: | 19961073 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/en18236094 |
