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Power-law scaling of mixing in recirculation zones: non-reacting versus reacting flows.

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Title: Power-law scaling of mixing in recirculation zones: non-reacting versus reacting flows.
Authors: Zhang, Jian1 (AUTHOR) zhang-jian@tsinghua.edu.cn, Liu, Xiuyuan1 (AUTHOR), Ren, Zhuyin1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2/10/2026, Vol. 1028, p1-20. 20p.
Subjects: Combustion, Reactive flow, Turbulent mixing, Flame stability, Stagnation point, Mixing machinery, Scaling laws (Statistical physics)
Abstract: The recirculation zone is critical for flame stabilization in combustion processes, yet a quantitative, mechanistic understanding of its inherently complex mixing state remains a challenge. To address this gap, we introduce a novel characteristic parameter, the characteristic mixture fraction ( $Z_u$), defined from the observation of localized mixture uniformity within the zone. Using validated large-eddy simulation combined with the flamelet/progress-variable approach, we systematically examine the relationship between $Z_u$ and the momentum flux ratio ( $J$). The results reveal that a dual-power-law scaling relationship between $Z_u$ and $J$ is a fundamental characteristic of bluff-body stabilized flows, persisting with and without chemical reactions. This scaling, however, is profoundly modified by combustion. Compared with non-reacting flows, reacting flows exhibit a shift in the transition point between power-law regimes to a higher $J$ and a shallower scaling exponent (e.g. approximately −0.15 for reacting versus −0.5 for non-reacting flows in the jet-envelopment regime). These quantitative distinctions are decisively attributed to thermophysical effects induced by heat release, interpreted through two synergistic mechanisms: at the macroscale, thermal expansion reduces density, weakening the recirculation zone's momentum resistance; at the microscale, increased viscosity suppresses turbulent mixing efficiency. Thus, a predictive mechanistic framework centred on the parameter $Z_u$ is established, providing not only a robust metric for quantifying complex mixing states but also fundamental insights into how heat release acts on turbulent mixing. Consequently, it offers new perspectives for combustor optimization and understanding of complex mixing–combustion coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database: Engineering Source
Description
Abstract:The recirculation zone is critical for flame stabilization in combustion processes, yet a quantitative, mechanistic understanding of its inherently complex mixing state remains a challenge. To address this gap, we introduce a novel characteristic parameter, the characteristic mixture fraction ( $Z_u$), defined from the observation of localized mixture uniformity within the zone. Using validated large-eddy simulation combined with the flamelet/progress-variable approach, we systematically examine the relationship between $Z_u$ and the momentum flux ratio ( $J$). The results reveal that a dual-power-law scaling relationship between $Z_u$ and $J$ is a fundamental characteristic of bluff-body stabilized flows, persisting with and without chemical reactions. This scaling, however, is profoundly modified by combustion. Compared with non-reacting flows, reacting flows exhibit a shift in the transition point between power-law regimes to a higher $J$ and a shallower scaling exponent (e.g. approximately −0.15 for reacting versus −0.5 for non-reacting flows in the jet-envelopment regime). These quantitative distinctions are decisively attributed to thermophysical effects induced by heat release, interpreted through two synergistic mechanisms: at the macroscale, thermal expansion reduces density, weakening the recirculation zone's momentum resistance; at the microscale, increased viscosity suppresses turbulent mixing efficiency. Thus, a predictive mechanistic framework centred on the parameter $Z_u$ is established, providing not only a robust metric for quantifying complex mixing states but also fundamental insights into how heat release acts on turbulent mixing. Consequently, it offers new perspectives for combustor optimization and understanding of complex mixing–combustion coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:00221120
DOI:10.1017/jfm.2025.11105