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Anisotropy-Driven Springback Mechanism in Cold Bending of E40 Steel: A Cross-Scale Modeling Method Based on Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Model.

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Title: Anisotropy-Driven Springback Mechanism in Cold Bending of E40 Steel: A Cross-Scale Modeling Method Based on Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Model.
Authors: Cai, Yijie1,2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Wenjie1,2 (AUTHOR), Yu, Zhongquan1,2 (AUTHOR), He, Pengpeng3 (AUTHOR), Yang, Chongwen4,5 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Wenqian1,2 (AUTHOR) wenqian_zh@hbut.edu.cn
Source: Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance. Feb2026, Vol. 35 Issue 8, p7529-7544. 16p.
Subjects: Anisotropy, Springback (Elasticity), Multiscale modeling, Naval architecture, Steel, Metalwork, Finite element method
Abstract: The mechanical anisotropy of the E40, a crucial material in shipbuilding, plays an essential role in predicting the springback in the doubly curved hull plate forming. This study proposes a cross-scale anisotropy modeling method for predicting the springback. Based on electron backscatter diffraction characterization, a 3D representative volume element (3D-RVE) was constructed. The anisotropic constitutions of the unit are assigned by combining the mechanical properties of the different orientations and applying them to a crystal plasticity finite element model (CPFEM). A materials subroutine (VUMAT) was developed and implemented in Abaqus to simulate the forming-springback processes, incorporating the calibrated Yld2004-18p yield criterion calibrated by CPFEM. Strip-forming experiments with varying die radius were processed, followed by comparative analysis between finite element predictions and experimental results, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method for accurate finite element method (FEM) prediction of springback. Therefore, this study not only presents a new framework that demonstrates significant advantages in describing the anisotropy of E40 steel and provides a novel theoretical implement for optimizing the forming precision of doubly curved ship hull plates with FEM but also offers a scheme for the cross-scale modeling of other anisotropic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 192012092
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Anisotropy-Driven Springback Mechanism in Cold Bending of E40 Steel: A Cross-Scale Modeling Method Based on Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Model.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cai%2C+Yijie%22">Cai, Yijie</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Wenjie%22">Zhang, Wenjie</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Zhongquan%22">Yu, Zhongquan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22He%2C+Pengpeng%22">He, Pengpeng</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Chongwen%22">Yang, Chongwen</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Wenqian%22">Zhang, Wenqian</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wenqian_zh@hbut.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Materials+Engineering+%26+Performance%22">Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 35 Issue 8, p7529-7544. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anisotropy%22">Anisotropy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Springback+%28Elasticity%29%22">Springback (Elasticity)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multiscale+modeling%22">Multiscale modeling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Naval+architecture%22">Naval architecture</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Steel%22">Steel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metalwork%22">Metalwork</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finite+element+method%22">Finite element method</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The mechanical anisotropy of the E40, a crucial material in shipbuilding, plays an essential role in predicting the springback in the doubly curved hull plate forming. This study proposes a cross-scale anisotropy modeling method for predicting the springback. Based on electron backscatter diffraction characterization, a 3D representative volume element (3D-RVE) was constructed. The anisotropic constitutions of the unit are assigned by combining the mechanical properties of the different orientations and applying them to a crystal plasticity finite element model (CPFEM). A materials subroutine (VUMAT) was developed and implemented in Abaqus to simulate the forming-springback processes, incorporating the calibrated Yld2004-18p yield criterion calibrated by CPFEM. Strip-forming experiments with varying die radius were processed, followed by comparative analysis between finite element predictions and experimental results, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method for accurate finite element method (FEM) prediction of springback. Therefore, this study not only presents a new framework that demonstrates significant advantages in describing the anisotropy of E40 steel and provides a novel theoretical implement for optimizing the forming precision of doubly curved ship hull plates with FEM but also offers a scheme for the cross-scale modeling of other anisotropic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11665-025-12188-0
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 7529
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      – SubjectFull: Anisotropy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Springback (Elasticity)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multiscale modeling
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      – SubjectFull: Naval architecture
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      – SubjectFull: Steel
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      – SubjectFull: Metalwork
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      – SubjectFull: Finite element method
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Anisotropy-Driven Springback Mechanism in Cold Bending of E40 Steel: A Cross-Scale Modeling Method Based on Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Model.
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            NameFull: Cai, Yijie
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              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
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              Y: 2026
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