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Measurement and theoretical calculation on the flammability limits of lithium-ion battery vent gases.

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Title: Measurement and theoretical calculation on the flammability limits of lithium-ion battery vent gases.
Authors: Liu, Xin1 (AUTHOR), Tong, Jianmei1,2 (AUTHOR), Hu, Xianzhong1 (AUTHOR) huxz@smm.neu.edu.cn
Source: Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. May2026, Vol. 157, p358-371. 14p.
Subjects: Flammable limits, Lithium-ion batteries, Carbon monoxide, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, Hydrogen, Gases
Abstract: • The flammability limits of BVG in different condition are measured. • A predictive model for calculating the flammability limits of BVG are developed. • An increase in the content of H 2 and CO decreases the LFL and increases the UFL. • A rise in CO 2 , CH 4 , and C 2 H 4 all narrow the flammable range of BVG. • Increases in initial temperature and SOC expand the flammable range of BVG. In this paper, the flammability limits (FLs) of battery vent gas (BVG) were measured by a 5 L spherical explosive device. Then, a predictive model based on the limiting laminar flame speed method was used to discuss the effects of gas volume concentration, battery type and state of charge (SOC), and initial temperature on the FLs. It shows that a rise of H 2 and CO content increases the upper flammability limit (UFL) and decreases the lower flammability limit (LFL), which broadens the flammable range. A rise in CO 2 both increases the UFL and LFL, but reduces the flammable range of BVG. The flammable range of NCA battery is the widest, followed by LFP and LCO batteries. Generally, the flammable range of BVG is significantly broadened by the increase of SOC and the initial temperature of BVG. The influence of battery type and SOC on the flammable range is achieved through their impact on compositions of BVG, such as the increase of combustible components and higher molar fractions of H, O, and OH radicals in combustion process, and the increase in initial temperature elevates the combustion reaction rate, leading to the increase of the limiting laminar flame speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database: Engineering Source
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Abstract:• The flammability limits of BVG in different condition are measured. • A predictive model for calculating the flammability limits of BVG are developed. • An increase in the content of H 2 and CO decreases the LFL and increases the UFL. • A rise in CO 2 , CH 4 , and C 2 H 4 all narrow the flammable range of BVG. • Increases in initial temperature and SOC expand the flammable range of BVG. In this paper, the flammability limits (FLs) of battery vent gas (BVG) were measured by a 5 L spherical explosive device. Then, a predictive model based on the limiting laminar flame speed method was used to discuss the effects of gas volume concentration, battery type and state of charge (SOC), and initial temperature on the FLs. It shows that a rise of H 2 and CO content increases the upper flammability limit (UFL) and decreases the lower flammability limit (LFL), which broadens the flammable range. A rise in CO 2 both increases the UFL and LFL, but reduces the flammable range of BVG. The flammable range of NCA battery is the widest, followed by LFP and LCO batteries. Generally, the flammable range of BVG is significantly broadened by the increase of SOC and the initial temperature of BVG. The influence of battery type and SOC on the flammable range is achieved through their impact on compositions of BVG, such as the increase of combustible components and higher molar fractions of H, O, and OH radicals in combustion process, and the increase in initial temperature elevates the combustion reaction rate, leading to the increase of the limiting laminar flame speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:1226086X
DOI:10.1016/j.jiec.2025.10.013