Measurement and theoretical calculation on the flammability limits of lithium-ion battery vent gases.
Saved in:
| Title: | Measurement and theoretical calculation on the flammability limits of lithium-ion battery vent gases. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Liu, Xin1 (AUTHOR), Tong, Jianmei1,2 (AUTHOR), Hu, Xianzhong1 (AUTHOR) huxz@smm.neu.edu.cn |
| Source: | Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. May2026, Vol. 157, p358-371. 14p. |
| Subjects: | Flammable limits, Lithium-ion batteries, Carbon monoxide, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, Hydrogen, Gases |
| Abstract: | • The flammability limits of BVG in different condition are measured. • A predictive model for calculating the flammability limits of BVG are developed. • An increase in the content of H 2 and CO decreases the LFL and increases the UFL. • A rise in CO 2 , CH 4 , and C 2 H 4 all narrow the flammable range of BVG. • Increases in initial temperature and SOC expand the flammable range of BVG. In this paper, the flammability limits (FLs) of battery vent gas (BVG) were measured by a 5 L spherical explosive device. Then, a predictive model based on the limiting laminar flame speed method was used to discuss the effects of gas volume concentration, battery type and state of charge (SOC), and initial temperature on the FLs. It shows that a rise of H 2 and CO content increases the upper flammability limit (UFL) and decreases the lower flammability limit (LFL), which broadens the flammable range. A rise in CO 2 both increases the UFL and LFL, but reduces the flammable range of BVG. The flammable range of NCA battery is the widest, followed by LFP and LCO batteries. Generally, the flammable range of BVG is significantly broadened by the increase of SOC and the initial temperature of BVG. The influence of battery type and SOC on the flammable range is achieved through their impact on compositions of BVG, such as the increase of combustible components and higher molar fractions of H, O, and OH radicals in combustion process, and the increase in initial temperature elevates the combustion reaction rate, leading to the increase of the limiting laminar flame speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
|---|---|
| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 192665914 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Periodical PubTypeId: serialPeriodical PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
| IllustrationInfo | |
| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Measurement and theoretical calculation on the flammability limits of lithium-ion battery vent gases. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Xin%22">Liu, Xin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tong%2C+Jianmei%22">Tong, Jianmei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hu%2C+Xianzhong%22">Hu, Xianzhong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> huxz@smm.neu.edu.cn</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry%22">Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 157, p358-371. 14p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flammable+limits%22">Flammable limits</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lithium-ion+batteries%22">Lithium-ion batteries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+monoxide%22">Carbon monoxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+carbon+dioxide%22">Atmospheric carbon dioxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogen%22">Hydrogen</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gases%22">Gases</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: • The flammability limits of BVG in different condition are measured. • A predictive model for calculating the flammability limits of BVG are developed. • An increase in the content of H 2 and CO decreases the LFL and increases the UFL. • A rise in CO 2 , CH 4 , and C 2 H 4 all narrow the flammable range of BVG. • Increases in initial temperature and SOC expand the flammable range of BVG. In this paper, the flammability limits (FLs) of battery vent gas (BVG) were measured by a 5 L spherical explosive device. Then, a predictive model based on the limiting laminar flame speed method was used to discuss the effects of gas volume concentration, battery type and state of charge (SOC), and initial temperature on the FLs. It shows that a rise of H 2 and CO content increases the upper flammability limit (UFL) and decreases the lower flammability limit (LFL), which broadens the flammable range. A rise in CO 2 both increases the UFL and LFL, but reduces the flammable range of BVG. The flammable range of NCA battery is the widest, followed by LFP and LCO batteries. Generally, the flammable range of BVG is significantly broadened by the increase of SOC and the initial temperature of BVG. The influence of battery type and SOC on the flammable range is achieved through their impact on compositions of BVG, such as the increase of combustible components and higher molar fractions of H, O, and OH radicals in combustion process, and the increase in initial temperature elevates the combustion reaction rate, leading to the increase of the limiting laminar flame speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=192665914 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1016/j.jiec.2025.10.013 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 14 StartPage: 358 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Flammable limits Type: general – SubjectFull: Lithium-ion batteries Type: general – SubjectFull: Carbon monoxide Type: general – SubjectFull: Atmospheric carbon dioxide Type: general – SubjectFull: Hydrogen Type: general – SubjectFull: Gases Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Measurement and theoretical calculation on the flammability limits of lithium-ion battery vent gases. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Liu, Xin – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Tong, Jianmei – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Hu, Xianzhong IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 25 M: 05 Text: May2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 1226086X Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 157 Titles: – TitleFull: Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
