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3D & 4D Printing—In Engineering Applications.

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Title: 3D & 4D Printing—In Engineering Applications.
Authors: Kozior, Tomasz1 (AUTHOR) tkozior@tu.kielce.pl, Bochnia, Jerzy (AUTHOR) jbochnia@tu.kielce.pl
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1307. 8p.
Subjects: Three-dimensional printing, Shape memory polymers, Laser sintering, Industrial applications, Selective laser melting, Manufacturing industries, Rapid prototyping
Abstract: The article provides an overview of the current state and engineering applications of 3D and 4D printing technologies, highlighting their evolution from rapid prototyping to versatile industrial manufacturing. It emphasizes key capabilities such as product customization, complex geometries, and the integration of dynamic material properties in 4D printing, which adds the dimension of time through materials like shape memory polymers. The discussion includes specific engineering focuses such as mold design using laser powder bed fusion, optimization of selective laser melting parameters, development of advanced materials for 4D printing, challenges in producing thin-walled components, and the creation of lattice and cellular structures for lightweight, high-strength applications. Additionally, the article addresses the importance of international standardization efforts by ISO and ASTM, particularly the ISO/ASTM 52900, 52901, and 52926-1 standards, which provide foundational vocabulary, quality requirements, and operator qualifications essential for industrial adoption and quality assurance in additive manufacturing. [Extracted from the article]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 192958669
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: 3D & 4D Printing—In Engineering Applications.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kozior%2C+Tomasz%22">Kozior, Tomasz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tkozior@tu.kielce.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bochnia%2C+Jerzy%22">Bochnia, Jerzy</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<i> jbochnia@tu.kielce.pl</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1307. 8p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Three-dimensional+printing%22">Three-dimensional printing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shape+memory+polymers%22">Shape memory polymers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laser+sintering%22">Laser sintering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+applications%22">Industrial applications</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Selective+laser+melting%22">Selective laser melting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Manufacturing+industries%22">Manufacturing industries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rapid+prototyping%22">Rapid prototyping</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The article provides an overview of the current state and engineering applications of 3D and 4D printing technologies, highlighting their evolution from rapid prototyping to versatile industrial manufacturing. It emphasizes key capabilities such as product customization, complex geometries, and the integration of dynamic material properties in 4D printing, which adds the dimension of time through materials like shape memory polymers. The discussion includes specific engineering focuses such as mold design using laser powder bed fusion, optimization of selective laser melting parameters, development of advanced materials for 4D printing, challenges in producing thin-walled components, and the creation of lattice and cellular structures for lightweight, high-strength applications. Additionally, the article addresses the importance of international standardization efforts by ISO and ASTM, particularly the ISO/ASTM 52900, 52901, and 52926-1 standards, which provide foundational vocabulary, quality requirements, and operator qualifications essential for industrial adoption and quality assurance in additive manufacturing. [Extracted from the article]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19071307
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 8
        StartPage: 1307
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Three-dimensional printing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shape memory polymers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laser sintering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Industrial applications
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Selective laser melting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Manufacturing industries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rapid prototyping
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: 3D & 4D Printing—In Engineering Applications.
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            NameFull: Kozior, Tomasz
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            NameFull: Bochnia, Jerzy
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            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19961944
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 7
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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