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Transverse momentum distributions and freeze-out parameters of ϕ meson in nuclear collisions.

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Title: Transverse momentum distributions and freeze-out parameters of ϕ meson in nuclear collisions.
Authors: Mir, Sameer Ahmad1,2 (AUTHOR) sameerphst@gmail.com, Uddin, Saeed1 (AUTHOR), Bashir, Inam-ul3 (AUTHOR)
Source: European Physical Journal A -- Hadrons & Nuclei. Mar2026, Vol. 62 Issue 3, p1-12. 12p.
Subjects: Momentum distributions, Vector mesons, Collisions (Nuclear physics), Hydrodynamics, Proton-proton interactions, Large Hadron Collider
Abstract: We investigate the transverse momentum distribution spectra of ϕ meson production from proton–proton (p+p), proton–nucleus (p+A) and nucleus–nucleus (A+A) collisions at various Large Hadron Collider center-of-mass collision energies ranging from s NN = 2.76–13 TeV for most central and peripheral collisions within a unified statistical thermal freeze-out model (USTFM). The comparison to experimental data on transverse momentum ( p T ) spectra from the above mentioned collisions enhances the understanding of freeze-out conditions. The freeze-out characteristics, including the kinetic freeze-out temperature (T), transverse flow velocity parameter ( β T 0 ), and velocity flow profile parameter (n), are extracted from various fits and analyzed within the context of thermal and statistical framework. We anchor the decoupling scale to statistical-hadronization systematics and fix the temperature at T = 152.0 ± 4.0 MeV across centralities at midrapidity, while fitting the collective sector via the transverse flow magnitude β T 0 and its profile index n. USTFM consistently couples longitudinal and transverse dynamics and contains the Blast-Wave (BW) limit, we perform a system- and energy-spanning analysis of ϕ spectra and quantify the evolution of β T 0 and n with system size and centrality. The collision energy ( s NN ) dependence of the freeze-out temperature is taken from the previous works where it is extracted by fitting the relative hadronic yields. The transverse flow velocity parameter decreases from the most central to peripheral collisions. The model calculation shows an excellent match with the experimental transverse momentum spectra of the ϕ meson up to approximately 4 GeV/c. The proposed model accounts for the influence of both longitudinal and transverse hydrodynamic flow, highlighting their roles in shaping the observed spectra and particle yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Abstract:We investigate the transverse momentum distribution spectra of ϕ meson production from proton–proton (p+p), proton–nucleus (p+A) and nucleus–nucleus (A+A) collisions at various Large Hadron Collider center-of-mass collision energies ranging from s NN = 2.76–13 TeV for most central and peripheral collisions within a unified statistical thermal freeze-out model (USTFM). The comparison to experimental data on transverse momentum ( p T ) spectra from the above mentioned collisions enhances the understanding of freeze-out conditions. The freeze-out characteristics, including the kinetic freeze-out temperature (T), transverse flow velocity parameter ( β T 0 ), and velocity flow profile parameter (n), are extracted from various fits and analyzed within the context of thermal and statistical framework. We anchor the decoupling scale to statistical-hadronization systematics and fix the temperature at T = 152.0 ± 4.0 MeV across centralities at midrapidity, while fitting the collective sector via the transverse flow magnitude β T 0 and its profile index n. USTFM consistently couples longitudinal and transverse dynamics and contains the Blast-Wave (BW) limit, we perform a system- and energy-spanning analysis of ϕ spectra and quantify the evolution of β T 0 and n with system size and centrality. The collision energy ( s NN ) dependence of the freeze-out temperature is taken from the previous works where it is extracted by fitting the relative hadronic yields. The transverse flow velocity parameter decreases from the most central to peripheral collisions. The model calculation shows an excellent match with the experimental transverse momentum spectra of the ϕ meson up to approximately 4 GeV/c. The proposed model accounts for the influence of both longitudinal and transverse hydrodynamic flow, highlighting their roles in shaping the observed spectra and particle yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:14346001
DOI:10.1140/epja/s10050-026-01815-6