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Density by Design: Evaluating Transit Hubs for Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in an Emerging Indonesian Metropolis.

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Title: Density by Design: Evaluating Transit Hubs for Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in an Emerging Indonesian Metropolis.
Authors: Haratama, K. R.1 kusumaharatama@unesa.ac.id, Farizi, A. M. A.1, Saputro, M. C.1, Manggalasari, L. C.2, Thipphaya, P.3
Source: Civil Engineering Dimension. Mar2026, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p54-68. 15p.
Subjects: Transit-oriented development, Terminals (Transportation), Population density, Cities & towns, Mixed-use developments, Geoinformatics, Urbanization, Urban density
Geographic Terms: Surabaya (Indonesia)
Abstract: Rapid urbanization in Indonesian cities has increased interest in Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) as a strategy to promote compact, mixed-use, and transit-supportive urban forms. This study evaluates the TOD readiness of five major transit hubs in Surabaya--Purabaya Terminal, Joyoboyo Terminal, Gubeng Station, Surabaya Kota Station, and Pasar Turi Station--using a spatially explicit Built Environment Index (BEI). A Geographic Information System (GIS) approach was applied to analyze population density, employment density, land use mix, and accessibility within 400, 800, and 1,200 m service areas. These indicators were normalized and aggregated into the BEI under multiple weighting scenarios to reflect different planning priorities. The results identify Gubeng Station as the most TOD-ready hub, supported by high density, balanced job-to-population ratio, and strong land use integration, while Joyoboyo and Pasar Turi show limited TOD alignment. The proposed framework provides a replicable, data-driven tool to support TOD prioritization in emerging metropolitan contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Abstract:Rapid urbanization in Indonesian cities has increased interest in Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) as a strategy to promote compact, mixed-use, and transit-supportive urban forms. This study evaluates the TOD readiness of five major transit hubs in Surabaya--Purabaya Terminal, Joyoboyo Terminal, Gubeng Station, Surabaya Kota Station, and Pasar Turi Station--using a spatially explicit Built Environment Index (BEI). A Geographic Information System (GIS) approach was applied to analyze population density, employment density, land use mix, and accessibility within 400, 800, and 1,200 m service areas. These indicators were normalized and aggregated into the BEI under multiple weighting scenarios to reflect different planning priorities. The results identify Gubeng Station as the most TOD-ready hub, supported by high density, balanced job-to-population ratio, and strong land use integration, while Joyoboyo and Pasar Turi show limited TOD alignment. The proposed framework provides a replicable, data-driven tool to support TOD prioritization in emerging metropolitan contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:14109530
DOI:10.9744/ced.28.1.54-68