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Dynamic mechanical and spectroscopic studies of soy flour adhesives.

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Title: Dynamic mechanical and spectroscopic studies of soy flour adhesives.
Authors: Parker, Anthony Allen1 tony@aaparkerconsulting.com, Marcinko, Joseph John2
Source: Express Polymer Letters. Jun2026, Vol. 20 Issue 6, p594-616. 23p.
Subjects: Dynamic mechanical analysis, Adhesives, Crosslinked polymers, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Glass transition temperature, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Material plasticity
Abstract: We used dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to evaluate soy flour adhesives made with and without a conventional crosslinking agent, polyamideamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE). Fixed-frequency and constant strain rate studies revealed that PAE contributes to a decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg), an increase in toughness, and a decrease in both the rubbery plateau modulus and onset temperature, consistent with plasticization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of water-soluble extracts from pre-cured soy flour revealed the presence of polypeptides with exchangeable protons, carbohydrates, citric acid and lactic acid. Deuterium exchange studies showed that the protonated peptides were no longer water-soluble after cure. Instead, post-cure extracts contained heat-modified carbohydrates and carboxylic acids, together with adipic acid when PAE was employed. These results are consistent with a mechanism whereby PAE not only undergoes hydrolysis and chain scission, but also competitively co-reacts with peptides and carboxylic acids to yield a plasticized chain-extended network with decreased crosslink density, counter to its anticipated function. The implications of these findings as they pertain to moisture resistance and wood adhesion will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Express Polymer Letters is the property of Budapest University of Technology & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Dynamic mechanical and spectroscopic studies of soy flour adhesives.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Parker%2C+Anthony+Allen%22">Parker, Anthony Allen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> tony@aaparkerconsulting.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marcinko%2C+Joseph+John%22">Marcinko, Joseph John</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Express+Polymer+Letters%22">Express Polymer Letters</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 20 Issue 6, p594-616. 23p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dynamic+mechanical+analysis%22">Dynamic mechanical analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adhesives%22">Adhesives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crosslinked+polymers%22">Crosslinked polymers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nuclear+magnetic+resonance%22">Nuclear magnetic resonance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Glass+transition+temperature%22">Glass transition temperature</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fourier+transform+infrared+spectroscopy%22">Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Material+plasticity%22">Material plasticity</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: We used dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to evaluate soy flour adhesives made with and without a conventional crosslinking agent, polyamideamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE). Fixed-frequency and constant strain rate studies revealed that PAE contributes to a decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg), an increase in toughness, and a decrease in both the rubbery plateau modulus and onset temperature, consistent with plasticization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of water-soluble extracts from pre-cured soy flour revealed the presence of polypeptides with exchangeable protons, carbohydrates, citric acid and lactic acid. Deuterium exchange studies showed that the protonated peptides were no longer water-soluble after cure. Instead, post-cure extracts contained heat-modified carbohydrates and carboxylic acids, together with adipic acid when PAE was employed. These results are consistent with a mechanism whereby PAE not only undergoes hydrolysis and chain scission, but also competitively co-reacts with peptides and carboxylic acids to yield a plasticized chain-extended network with decreased crosslink density, counter to its anticipated function. The implications of these findings as they pertain to moisture resistance and wood adhesion will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Express Polymer Letters is the property of Budapest University of Technology & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2026.45
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 23
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      – SubjectFull: Dynamic mechanical analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adhesives
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Crosslinked polymers
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      – SubjectFull: Nuclear magnetic resonance
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      – SubjectFull: Glass transition temperature
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      – SubjectFull: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
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      – SubjectFull: Material plasticity
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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