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Simultaneously enhancing mechanical and current-carrying tribological properties of Cu-graphite composites using Ti3AlC2-Derived reinforcements.

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Title: Simultaneously enhancing mechanical and current-carrying tribological properties of Cu-graphite composites using Ti3AlC2-Derived reinforcements.
Authors: Tao, Yi1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Xin2,3 (AUTHOR) zhangxin0517@xju.edu.cn, Wu, Liuchen2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Wenxiao1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Ceramics International. May2026:Part A, Vol. 52 Issue 13, p21411-21428. 18p.
Subjects: Graphite composites, Friction materials, Wear resistance, Mechanical behavior of materials, Powder metallurgy
Abstract: Copper-graphite composites are important current-carrying friction materials. However, adding graphite reduces the matrix strength. Its lubricating film also easily fails under high-current working conditions. To simultaneously enhance the mechanical and current-carrying tribological properties, MAX-phase ceramic Ti 3 AlC 2 was introduced into the copper-graphite system. Powder metallurgy was used to fabricate Cu-Graphite-Ti 3 AlC 2 -derived composites with different Ti 3 AlC 2 contents (0–15 wt %). The results indicate that​ during hot-pressing sintering, Ti 3 AlC 2 decomposes during hot-press sintering, forming TiC and Al 2 O 3. Through dispersion strengthening and solid-solution strengthening, the composite hardness reached a maximum of 102.3 HV, an increase of 53.2 % compared with the Ti 3 AlC 2 -free composite. Under a current strength of 2 A and prolonged sliding conditions, CGT5 demonstrates the most outstanding overall performance, combining favorable friction reduction (COF:0.20, 22.3 % lower than that of CGT0), excellent wear resistance (Wear rate:9.69 × 10−6 mm3/(N·m), 84.4 % lower than that of CGT0) and low contact resistance (ECR:49.31 mΩ). Under high-current conditions, the thermal effect induced by arcing disrupts the lubricating film, shifting the dominant wear mechanism to fatigue wear. This study clarifies the action mechanism of Ti 3 AlC 2 derivatives under electrothermal-mechanical coupling conditions, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of high-performance current-carrying friction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database: Engineering Source
Description
Abstract:Copper-graphite composites are important current-carrying friction materials. However, adding graphite reduces the matrix strength. Its lubricating film also easily fails under high-current working conditions. To simultaneously enhance the mechanical and current-carrying tribological properties, MAX-phase ceramic Ti 3 AlC 2 was introduced into the copper-graphite system. Powder metallurgy was used to fabricate Cu-Graphite-Ti 3 AlC 2 -derived composites with different Ti 3 AlC 2 contents (0–15 wt %). The results indicate that​ during hot-pressing sintering, Ti 3 AlC 2 decomposes during hot-press sintering, forming TiC and Al 2 O 3. Through dispersion strengthening and solid-solution strengthening, the composite hardness reached a maximum of 102.3 HV, an increase of 53.2 % compared with the Ti 3 AlC 2 -free composite. Under a current strength of 2 A and prolonged sliding conditions, CGT5 demonstrates the most outstanding overall performance, combining favorable friction reduction (COF:0.20, 22.3 % lower than that of CGT0), excellent wear resistance (Wear rate:9.69 × 10−6 mm3/(N·m), 84.4 % lower than that of CGT0) and low contact resistance (ECR:49.31 mΩ). Under high-current conditions, the thermal effect induced by arcing disrupts the lubricating film, shifting the dominant wear mechanism to fatigue wear. This study clarifies the action mechanism of Ti 3 AlC 2 derivatives under electrothermal-mechanical coupling conditions, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of high-performance current-carrying friction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:02728842
DOI:10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.03.222