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Achieving a Mode-Selective Optical Waveguide in a PIN-PMN-PT Single Crystal via a Nickel In-Diffusion Method.

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Title: Achieving a Mode-Selective Optical Waveguide in a PIN-PMN-PT Single Crystal via a Nickel In-Diffusion Method.
Authors: Zhang, Yuebin1 (AUTHOR), Hu, Qingyuan1 (AUTHOR) eudoraliu@xjtu.edu.cn, Liu, Xin1 (AUTHOR), Zhuang, Yongyong1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Binbin1 (AUTHOR), Yang, Wentao1 (AUTHOR), Gao, Lunan1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Zhe1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Yifan1 (AUTHOR), Huang, Wenxu1 (AUTHOR), Feng, Yali1 (AUTHOR), An, Lei1 (AUTHOR), Xu, Zhuo1 (AUTHOR), Wei, Xiaoyong1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). May2026, Vol. 16 Issue 9, p514. 13p.
Subjects: Optical waveguides, Relaxor ferroelectrics, Optical constants, Multimode waveguides, Diffusion kinetics, Gradient index optics, Optical gyroscopes
Abstract: Relaxor ferroelectric single crystals, such as Pb(In1/2Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Mg1/2Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3, possess extraordinary electro-optic (EO) coefficients, offering immense potential for next-generation integrated modulators. However, the application of PIN-PMN-PT in fiber-optic gyroscopes (FOGs) is hindered by the challenge of fabricating high-quality optical waveguides with strict mode selectivity, as conventional diffusion typically excites multi-mode propagation. Here, the fabrication of high-quality, mode-selective waveguides is achieved in rhombohedral PIN-PMN-PT via a nickel in-diffusion technique. The resulting graded-index structures exhibit a Gaussian profile with a maximum refractive index change (∆n) of 1.53% while preserving the single crystal structure. Under specific processing conditions, we achieve precise mode selectivity, enabling exclusive transverse electric (TE) mode transmission. This mode selectivity fulfills the requirements for single-mode Y-branch geometries, establishing a robust platform for ultra-compact, low driving voltage modulators and advancing the miniaturization of inertial navigation and integrated photonic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Achieving a Mode-Selective Optical Waveguide in a PIN-PMN-PT Single Crystal via a Nickel In-Diffusion Method.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 16 Issue 9, p514. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+waveguides%22">Optical waveguides</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Relaxor+ferroelectrics%22">Relaxor ferroelectrics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+constants%22">Optical constants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multimode+waveguides%22">Multimode waveguides</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Diffusion+kinetics%22">Diffusion kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gradient+index+optics%22">Gradient index optics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+gyroscopes%22">Optical gyroscopes</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Relaxor ferroelectric single crystals, such as Pb(In1/2Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Mg1/2Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3, possess extraordinary electro-optic (EO) coefficients, offering immense potential for next-generation integrated modulators. However, the application of PIN-PMN-PT in fiber-optic gyroscopes (FOGs) is hindered by the challenge of fabricating high-quality optical waveguides with strict mode selectivity, as conventional diffusion typically excites multi-mode propagation. Here, the fabrication of high-quality, mode-selective waveguides is achieved in rhombohedral PIN-PMN-PT via a nickel in-diffusion technique. The resulting graded-index structures exhibit a Gaussian profile with a maximum refractive index change (∆n) of 1.53% while preserving the single crystal structure. Under specific processing conditions, we achieve precise mode selectivity, enabling exclusive transverse electric (TE) mode transmission. This mode selectivity fulfills the requirements for single-mode Y-branch geometries, establishing a robust platform for ultra-compact, low driving voltage modulators and advancing the miniaturization of inertial navigation and integrated photonic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/nano16090514
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 514
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Optical waveguides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Relaxor ferroelectrics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optical constants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multimode waveguides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diffusion kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gradient index optics
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      – SubjectFull: Optical gyroscopes
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      – TitleFull: Achieving a Mode-Selective Optical Waveguide in a PIN-PMN-PT Single Crystal via a Nickel In-Diffusion Method.
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              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
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