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Beam deflection in cubic SBN crystals driven by the quadratic EO effect and space-charge-induced electric field gradient.

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Title: Beam deflection in cubic SBN crystals driven by the quadratic EO effect and space-charge-induced electric field gradient.
Authors: Liu, Naishen1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Bing1,2 (AUTHOR) liubing@sdas.org, Jin, Lijie1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Shenao1 (AUTHOR), Niu, Yu1 (AUTHOR), Yang, Yuguo1,3 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Rui1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Xuping1,3 (AUTHOR) wangxp@sdas.org
Source: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2026, Vol. 59 Issue 20, p1-13. 13p.
Subjects: Deflection (Light), Charge injection, Beam steering, Phase-shifting interferometry, Crystals, Kerr electro-optical effect
Abstract: Large-angle electro-optic (EO) beam steering typically relies on high driving voltages or complex cascade structures. Here, we demonstrate a high-efficiency deflection mechanism in cubic-phase strontium barium niobate (SBN) crystals driven by the quadratic EO effect and a space-charge-induced field gradient. By engineering ohmic contacts to facilitate carrier injection, we successfully established a steep internal electric field gradient, achieving a large deflection of 91 mrad at ±450 V. We report the quantitative determination of the quadratic EO coefficient (2.85 × 10−15 m2 V−2) for cubic SBN, a parameter that has remained experimentally undetermined. Furthermore, the internal space-charge evolution was visually quantified using phase-shifting interferometry. These findings, validated by a theoretical deflection model, reveal the critical role of space-charge dynamics in paraelectric crystals and offer a robust pathway for compact, low-voltage optical control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics is the property of IOP Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193894237
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Beam deflection in cubic SBN crystals driven by the quadratic EO effect and space-charge-induced electric field gradient.
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  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Naishen%22">Liu, Naishen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Bing%22">Liu, Bing</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> liubing@sdas.org</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jin%2C+Lijie%22">Jin, Lijie</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Shenao%22">Wang, Shenao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Niu%2C+Yu%22">Niu, Yu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Yuguo%22">Yang, Yuguo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Rui%22">Zhang, Rui</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Xuping%22">Wang, Xuping</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wangxp@sdas.org</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Physics+D%3A+Applied+Physics%22">Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 59 Issue 20, p1-13. 13p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deflection+%28Light%29%22">Deflection (Light)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Charge+injection%22">Charge injection</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Beam+steering%22">Beam steering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase-shifting+interferometry%22">Phase-shifting interferometry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crystals%22">Crystals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kerr+electro-optical+effect%22">Kerr electro-optical effect</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Large-angle electro-optic (EO) beam steering typically relies on high driving voltages or complex cascade structures. Here, we demonstrate a high-efficiency deflection mechanism in cubic-phase strontium barium niobate (SBN) crystals driven by the quadratic EO effect and a space-charge-induced field gradient. By engineering ohmic contacts to facilitate carrier injection, we successfully established a steep internal electric field gradient, achieving a large deflection of 91 mrad at ±450 V. We report the quantitative determination of the quadratic EO coefficient (2.85 × 10−15 m2 V−2) for cubic SBN, a parameter that has remained experimentally undetermined. Furthermore, the internal space-charge evolution was visually quantified using phase-shifting interferometry. These findings, validated by a theoretical deflection model, reveal the critical role of space-charge dynamics in paraelectric crystals and offer a robust pathway for compact, low-voltage optical control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics is the property of IOP Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1088/1361-6463/ae69f2
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Deflection (Light)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Charge injection
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Beam steering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase-shifting interferometry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Crystals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kerr electro-optical effect
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Beam deflection in cubic SBN crystals driven by the quadratic EO effect and space-charge-induced electric field gradient.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Liu, Naishen
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            NameFull: Liu, Bing
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            NameFull: Jin, Lijie
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            NameFull: Wang, Shenao
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            NameFull: Niu, Yu
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            NameFull: Yang, Yuguo
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            NameFull: Zhang, Rui
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            – D: 22
              M: 05
              Text: 2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 00223727
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              Value: 59
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
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