Simulation of Vulnerability in the China-Europe Railway Express Asymmetric Interdependent Network Based on Improved Percolation Theory.

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Title:	Simulation of Vulnerability in the China-Europe Railway Express Asymmetric Interdependent Network Based on Improved Percolation Theory.
Authors:	Qian, Mingjun¹ qianmingjun@mail.lzjtu.cn, Zhang, Zhaojie² 12231017@stu.lzjtu.edu.cn, Zhao, Tingting² 1811869757@qq.com, Yin, Chao² 12241030@stu.lzjtu.edu.cn
Source:	Engineering Letters. Jun2026, Vol. 34 Issue 6, p2411-2425. 15p.
Subjects:	Percolation theory, Network failures (Telecommunication), Computer simulation, Infrastructure (Economics)
Geographic Terms:	Tianjin (China), Xi'an Shi (China), Zhengzhou Shi (China)
Abstract:	As a key transnational logistics channel, the stability of the China Railway Express (CRE) network directly affects its transport efficiency and safety. To investigate the mechanisms of cascading failures and the evolution of network vulnerability, this paper constructs an asymmetric double-layer interdependent network model for the Chinese section of the CRE, incorporating both the physical infrastructure and service layers. A CS-T (cosine similarity-TOPSIS-grey relational analysis) model is used to identify critical nodes, while an improved percolation model with a nonlinear capacity-load mechanism simulates cascading failure dynamics. Multi-scenario simulations reveal how network vulnerability evolves under different attack strategies and parameters. Results highlight the importance of nodes such as Xi'an, Tianjin, and Zhengzhou, whose critical roles are further confirmed through targeted attack simulations. Vulnerability analysis shows that network fragility is jointly influenced by capacity parameters a and ß and the interdependency degree p, with parameter ß acting as a key order parameter that alters the type of network percolation as it is varied. The proposed models and methods offer theoretical and practical insights for optimizing the CRE network structure, protecting critical nodes, and improving emergency scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database:	Engineering Source

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Abstract:	As a key transnational logistics channel, the stability of the China Railway Express (CRE) network directly affects its transport efficiency and safety. To investigate the mechanisms of cascading failures and the evolution of network vulnerability, this paper constructs an asymmetric double-layer interdependent network model for the Chinese section of the CRE, incorporating both the physical infrastructure and service layers. A CS-T (cosine similarity-TOPSIS-grey relational analysis) model is used to identify critical nodes, while an improved percolation model with a nonlinear capacity-load mechanism simulates cascading failure dynamics. Multi-scenario simulations reveal how network vulnerability evolves under different attack strategies and parameters. Results highlight the importance of nodes such as Xi'an, Tianjin, and Zhengzhou, whose critical roles are further confirmed through targeted attack simulations. Vulnerability analysis shows that network fragility is jointly influenced by capacity parameters a and ß and the interdependency degree p, with parameter ß acting as a key order parameter that alters the type of network percolation as it is varied. The proposed models and methods offer theoretical and practical insights for optimizing the CRE network structure, protecting critical nodes, and improving emergency scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:	1816093X