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Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition of INO X307 Cladding for Platens of Die-Casting Machines.

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Title: Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition of INO X307 Cladding for Platens of Die-Casting Machines.
Authors: Wang, Tao1 (AUTHOR), Yang, Yang1 (AUTHOR), Wu, Wangping1 (AUTHOR) wwp3.14@163.com, Lin, Sheng1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Guangyuan1 (AUTHOR), Li, Xiaoyan1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Qinqin2 (AUTHOR) wangqinqin@yzu.edu.cn
Source: Journal of Thermal Spray Technology. Jun2026, Vol. 35 Issue 5, p1858-1875. 18p.
Subjects: Metal cladding, Die-casting, Metal bonding, Microhardness, Mechanical behavior of materials, Corrosion resistance, Wear resistance
Abstract: Die-casting machine platens suffer from severe mechanical deformation, wear, and corrosion during long-term service. In this study, an INO X307 alloy layer was deposited onto an AISI 4130 steel substrate using wire-arc directed energy deposition (WA-DED) to enhance surface performance. The cladded layer is mainly composed of γ-austenite with a small amount of residual α-ferrite. A distinct transition region forms at the interface due to elemental diffusion, exhibiting a mixed γ/α dual-phase structure with refined equiaxed grains and a compositional gradient, which contributes to strong metallurgical bonding. The cladded layer shows a significantly enhanced average microhardness of 187.2 ± 9.1 HV0.2 compared with the substrate. Tensile tests reveal high mechanical strength of the cladded layer, reaching 1019 ± 18.8 MPa in the vertical direction and 954 ± 44 MPa in the horizontal direction. In contrast, the transition region exhibits a lower ultimate tensile strength of approximately 653 MPa but much higher ductility, with elongation values of 22.7-26.2%, enabling effective stress accommodation and stable load transfer across the interface. Wear tests demonstrate a reduced wear rate of 2.33 × 10−4mm3/Nm for the cladded layer, while electrochemical measurements indicate superior corrosion resistance, characterized by a lower corrosion current density of 1.227 × 10−6 A·cm−2 and a higher charge-transfer resistance. These results confirm that the INO X307 cladded layer, together with its mechanically compliant transition region, provides an effective surface-reinforcement strategy for improving the wear resistance, corrosion behavior, and mechanical reliability of die-casting machine platens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Thermal Spray Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition of INO X307 Cladding for Platens of Die-Casting Machines.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Tao%22">Wang, Tao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Yang%22">Yang, Yang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Wangping%22">Wu, Wangping</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wwp3.14@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin%2C+Sheng%22">Lin, Sheng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Guangyuan%22">Wang, Guangyuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Xiaoyan%22">Li, Xiaoyan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Qinqin%22">Wang, Qinqin</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wangqinqin@yzu.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Thermal+Spray+Technology%22">Journal of Thermal Spray Technology</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 35 Issue 5, p1858-1875. 18p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metal+cladding%22">Metal cladding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Die-casting%22">Die-casting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metal+bonding%22">Metal bonding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microhardness%22">Microhardness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Corrosion+resistance%22">Corrosion resistance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wear+resistance%22">Wear resistance</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Die-casting machine platens suffer from severe mechanical deformation, wear, and corrosion during long-term service. In this study, an INO X307 alloy layer was deposited onto an AISI 4130 steel substrate using wire-arc directed energy deposition (WA-DED) to enhance surface performance. The cladded layer is mainly composed of γ-austenite with a small amount of residual α-ferrite. A distinct transition region forms at the interface due to elemental diffusion, exhibiting a mixed γ/α dual-phase structure with refined equiaxed grains and a compositional gradient, which contributes to strong metallurgical bonding. The cladded layer shows a significantly enhanced average microhardness of 187.2 ± 9.1 HV0.2 compared with the substrate. Tensile tests reveal high mechanical strength of the cladded layer, reaching 1019 ± 18.8 MPa in the vertical direction and 954 ± 44 MPa in the horizontal direction. In contrast, the transition region exhibits a lower ultimate tensile strength of approximately 653 MPa but much higher ductility, with elongation values of 22.7-26.2%, enabling effective stress accommodation and stable load transfer across the interface. Wear tests demonstrate a reduced wear rate of 2.33 × 10−4mm3/Nm for the cladded layer, while electrochemical measurements indicate superior corrosion resistance, characterized by a lower corrosion current density of 1.227 × 10−6 A·cm−2 and a higher charge-transfer resistance. These results confirm that the INO X307 cladded layer, together with its mechanically compliant transition region, provides an effective surface-reinforcement strategy for improving the wear resistance, corrosion behavior, and mechanical reliability of die-casting machine platens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Thermal Spray Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1007/s11666-026-02214-5
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 1858
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Metal cladding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Die-casting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metal bonding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microhardness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
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      – SubjectFull: Corrosion resistance
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      – SubjectFull: Wear resistance
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition of INO X307 Cladding for Platens of Die-Casting Machines.
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            NameFull: Wang, Tao
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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