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12Cr2Mo1V Steel for Free-Forged Hydrogenation Reactor Shells: Defect Control, Microstructural Evolution, and Service Performance—A Review.

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Title: 12Cr2Mo1V Steel for Free-Forged Hydrogenation Reactor Shells: Defect Control, Microstructural Evolution, and Service Performance—A Review.
Authors: Wang, Haitao1 (AUTHOR), Quan, Guozheng1,2,3 (AUTHOR) quangz3000@sina.com, Lin, Yichou3,4 (AUTHOR), Gao, Lin4,5 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Yuqing1,5 (AUTHOR), Liu, Xiao1,5 (AUTHOR), Shi, Haopeng2,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2464. 32p.
Subjects: Microstructure, Hydrogen embrittlement of metals, Pressure vessels, Quality control, Steel alloys, Bainite
Abstract: Hydrogenation reactor shells are safety-critical thick-section pressure-bearing components in petrochemical hydroprocessing equipment. Long-term exposure to elevated temperature, high pressure, and hydrogen-bearing media requires not only adequate strength, but also toughness, tempering stability, hydrogen-damage resistance, and through-thickness property uniformity. 12Cr2Mo1V steel, a Chinese Cr-Mo-V reactor steel closely related to vanadium-modified 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steels, is widely used for large-shell forgings because its alloy design supports bainitic transformation, carbide stability, and elevated-temperature performance. This review critically synthesizes studies on 12Cr2Mo1V shell forgings, related Cr-Mo-V reactor steels, and heavy free-forged products. The discussion is organized around alloy design, ingot-derived defect inheritance, defect closure during free forging, bainite–grain–carbide evolution during forging and heat treatment, and the resulting strength, toughness, and hydrogen-service performance. Particular emphasis is placed on the process–defect–microstructure–property linkage in super-thick sections. The review shows that free forging is not merely a forming route, but a decisive metallurgical operation for densification, strain penetration, and precursor-structure conditioning. Future work should integrate casting, free forging, and heat treatment with multiscale characterization and data-enhanced predictive quality control. To further reduce descriptive comparison, this review summarizes standardized quantitative indicators for evaluating forging-route design, heat-treatment response, and prediction-method reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: 12Cr2Mo1V Steel for Free-Forged Hydrogenation Reactor Shells: Defect Control, Microstructural Evolution, and Service Performance—A Review.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Haitao%22">Wang, Haitao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Quan%2C+Guozheng%22">Quan, Guozheng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> quangz3000@sina.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin%2C+Yichou%22">Lin, Yichou</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gao%2C+Lin%22">Gao, Lin</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Yuqing%22">Zhang, Yuqing</searchLink><relatesTo>1,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Xiao%22">Liu, Xiao</searchLink><relatesTo>1,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shi%2C+Haopeng%22">Shi, Haopeng</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2464. 32p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogen+embrittlement+of+metals%22">Hydrogen embrittlement of metals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pressure+vessels%22">Pressure vessels</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quality+control%22">Quality control</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Steel+alloys%22">Steel alloys</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bainite%22">Bainite</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Hydrogenation reactor shells are safety-critical thick-section pressure-bearing components in petrochemical hydroprocessing equipment. Long-term exposure to elevated temperature, high pressure, and hydrogen-bearing media requires not only adequate strength, but also toughness, tempering stability, hydrogen-damage resistance, and through-thickness property uniformity. 12Cr2Mo1V steel, a Chinese Cr-Mo-V reactor steel closely related to vanadium-modified 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steels, is widely used for large-shell forgings because its alloy design supports bainitic transformation, carbide stability, and elevated-temperature performance. This review critically synthesizes studies on 12Cr2Mo1V shell forgings, related Cr-Mo-V reactor steels, and heavy free-forged products. The discussion is organized around alloy design, ingot-derived defect inheritance, defect closure during free forging, bainite–grain–carbide evolution during forging and heat treatment, and the resulting strength, toughness, and hydrogen-service performance. Particular emphasis is placed on the process–defect–microstructure–property linkage in super-thick sections. The review shows that free forging is not merely a forming route, but a decisive metallurgical operation for densification, strain penetration, and precursor-structure conditioning. Future work should integrate casting, free forging, and heat treatment with multiscale characterization and data-enhanced predictive quality control. To further reduce descriptive comparison, this review summarizes standardized quantitative indicators for evaluating forging-route design, heat-treatment response, and prediction-method reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19122464
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 32
        StartPage: 2464
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      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydrogen embrittlement of metals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pressure vessels
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Quality control
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      – SubjectFull: Steel alloys
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bainite
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: 12Cr2Mo1V Steel for Free-Forged Hydrogenation Reactor Shells: Defect Control, Microstructural Evolution, and Service Performance—A Review.
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            NameFull: Wang, Haitao
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            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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