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Ionospheric disturbances observed over Japanese and Indian region following the Tonga islands volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022.

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Title: Ionospheric disturbances observed over Japanese and Indian region following the Tonga islands volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022.
Authors: Bhardwaj, Arti1,2 (AUTHOR), Ahmed, Qadeer1,2 (AUTHOR), Singh, Anshul1,2 (AUTHOR), Gupta, Ankit1,2 (AUTHOR), Rawat, Aastha1,2 (AUTHOR), Goel, Puja3 (AUTHOR), Vichare, Geeta4 (AUTHOR), Upadhayaya, Arun Kumar1,2 (AUTHOR) upadhayayaak@nplindia.res.in
Source: Advances in Space Research. Aug2026, Vol. 78 Issue 3, p2559-2581. 23p.
Subjects: Ionospheric disturbances, Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Eruption & Tsunami, 2022, Total electron content (Atmosphere), Geomagnetic variations, Volcanic eruptions, Ionosphere
Geographic Terms: Tonga, Okinawa Island (Japan)
Abstract: Impact of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai (20.55°N, −175.39°E) volcanic eruption on the Japanese and Indian ionospheric regions is investigated. The analysis is conducted by examining Ionosonde observations from Japanese stations, namely Okinawa, Yamagawa, Kokubunji, and Wakkanai respectively, GPS-derived vertical total electron content (VTEC) data from two Indian IGS stations—IISC Bengaluru and Hyderabad and Magnetometer observations. Perceptible ionospheric perturbations, attributable to this eruption, manifest as critical frequency (f o F 2) enhancements and depressions, leading to variations in peak electron density exceedingly as much as 500%, as observed at Okinawa, when compared to an otherwise normal magnetically quiet time ionosphere. Moreover, a strong afternoon Counter Electrojet (CEJ) in the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field is observed approximately eight hours after the eruption event. Furthermore, our observations include the identification of Y-forking/splitting patterns in ionograms, considered as manifestations of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs), in addition to 3–17 days dominant periodicities in ionospheric disturbances following the eruption. Further, we identify the influence of other possible ionospheric drivers in the observed ionospheric perturbations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database: Engineering Source
Description
Abstract:Impact of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai (20.55°N, −175.39°E) volcanic eruption on the Japanese and Indian ionospheric regions is investigated. The analysis is conducted by examining Ionosonde observations from Japanese stations, namely Okinawa, Yamagawa, Kokubunji, and Wakkanai respectively, GPS-derived vertical total electron content (VTEC) data from two Indian IGS stations—IISC Bengaluru and Hyderabad and Magnetometer observations. Perceptible ionospheric perturbations, attributable to this eruption, manifest as critical frequency (f o F 2) enhancements and depressions, leading to variations in peak electron density exceedingly as much as 500%, as observed at Okinawa, when compared to an otherwise normal magnetically quiet time ionosphere. Moreover, a strong afternoon Counter Electrojet (CEJ) in the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field is observed approximately eight hours after the eruption event. Furthermore, our observations include the identification of Y-forking/splitting patterns in ionograms, considered as manifestations of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs), in addition to 3–17 days dominant periodicities in ionospheric disturbances following the eruption. Further, we identify the influence of other possible ionospheric drivers in the observed ionospheric perturbations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:02731177
DOI:10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.122