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Removal of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol S, and Estrogenic Activity from Real Wastewater Using a Multi-stage IFAS System.

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Title: Removal of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol S, and Estrogenic Activity from Real Wastewater Using a Multi-stage IFAS System.
Authors: do Amaral, Amanda F.1 (AUTHOR) amaral.amanda@posgraduacao.uerj.br, da Silva, Alexandre S. A.1 (AUTHOR), Cunha, Deivisson L.1 (AUTHOR), de O. M. Cunha, Priscila M.1 (AUTHOR), Coutinho, Rodrigo1 (AUTHOR), Marques, Marcia1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology. Mar2026, Vol. 116 Issue 3, p1-11. 11p.
Abstract: This study evaluated the removal of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and estrogenic activity from real municipal wastewater using a pilot-scale multi-stage integrated fixed-film activated sludge (MS-IFAS) system. The configuration comprised five sequential reactors (Anaerobic, Anoxic-1, Aerobic under IFAS, Anoxic-2, and Re-aeration) providing distinct redox conditions. Influent concentrations averaged 112.6 ± 49.5 µg L−1 for BPA and 6.6 ± 3.0 µg L−1 for BPS. Overall removal efficiencies reached 99.8 ± 0.1% and 97.7 ± 1.0%, respectively, despite influent variability. The aerobic IFAS reactor was the main contributor to contaminant degradation, maintaining performance even after a > 90% biomass loss. Estrogenicity, assessed by the Yeast Estrogen Screen assay and expressed as 17β-estradiol equivalents (E2-EQ) decreased by 83.2% (0.031–0.005 ng L−1). Effluent E2-EQ values were below ecotoxicological thresholds, indicating negligible estrogenic risk to aquatic organisms. These highlight the strong potential of MS-IFAS for removal of xenoestrogenic contaminants in real wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
Description
Abstract:This study evaluated the removal of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and estrogenic activity from real municipal wastewater using a pilot-scale multi-stage integrated fixed-film activated sludge (MS-IFAS) system. The configuration comprised five sequential reactors (Anaerobic, Anoxic-1, Aerobic under IFAS, Anoxic-2, and Re-aeration) providing distinct redox conditions. Influent concentrations averaged 112.6 ± 49.5 µg L−1 for BPA and 6.6 ± 3.0 µg L−1 for BPS. Overall removal efficiencies reached 99.8 ± 0.1% and 97.7 ± 1.0%, respectively, despite influent variability. The aerobic IFAS reactor was the main contributor to contaminant degradation, maintaining performance even after a > 90% biomass loss. Estrogenicity, assessed by the Yeast Estrogen Screen assay and expressed as 17β-estradiol equivalents (E2-EQ) decreased by 83.2% (0.031–0.005 ng L−1). Effluent E2-EQ values were below ecotoxicological thresholds, indicating negligible estrogenic risk to aquatic organisms. These highlight the strong potential of MS-IFAS for removal of xenoestrogenic contaminants in real wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:00074861
DOI:10.1007/s00128-026-04204-3