Spatial Heat Load Density Analysis for Assessing 4th Generation District Heating Potential in Extreme Cold Climate Cities: A Case Study of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
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| Title: | Spatial Heat Load Density Analysis for Assessing 4th Generation District Heating Potential in Extreme Cold Climate Cities: A Case Study of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. |
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| Authors: | Khalzan, Tsolmon1 (AUTHOR) kh.tsolmon@must.edu.mn, Sereeter, Batmunkh1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Energies (19961073). Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1598. 18p. |
| Subject Terms: | *Heating load, *Clean energy, *Cities & towns, *Heat losses, *Heating from central stations, *Geographic information systems |
| Geographic Terms: | Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia), Mongolia |
| Abstract: | Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, operates one of the world's largest district heating (DH) systems in the coldest national capital (heating degree-days ~5800). Despite serving over 60% of the city's 1.6 million residents, the current 3rd generation DH system suffers from high thermal losses (~17–18%) and relies on coal-fired combined heat and power plants. Transitioning to 4th generation district heating (4GDH) with lower supply temperatures could reduce these losses while enabling future low-temperature renewable energy integration. A geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial heat load density (HLD) analysis uses operational data from the Ulaanbaatar District Heating Company, encompassing 13,500 buildings with a total connected capacity of 3924 MW. Grid-based spatial analysis was performed at two resolutions (1 km2 and 2 km2). Threshold sensitivity analysis was conducted across HLD criteria of 1–5 MW/km2. Results indicate that median HLD values exceed the European reference threshold of 3 MW/km2, with log-normal distributions confirmed by Shapiro–Wilk tests. Three candidate pilot zones were identified. A hybrid temperature strategy (65/35 °C above −25 °C; 90/60 °C below) further contextualizes the findings. These results suggest spatially favorable conditions for 4GDH development, providing a quantitative foundation for subsequent techno-economic feasibility studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Database: | Energy & Power Source |
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| Header | DbId: enr DbLabel: Energy & Power Source An: 192959002 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Spatial Heat Load Density Analysis for Assessing 4th Generation District Heating Potential in Extreme Cold Climate Cities: A Case Study of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Khalzan%2C+Tsolmon%22">Khalzan, Tsolmon</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> kh.tsolmon@must.edu.mn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sereeter%2C+Batmunkh%22">Sereeter, Batmunkh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1598. 18p. – Name: Subject Label: Subject Terms Group: Su Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heating+load%22">Heating load</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Clean+energy%22">Clean energy</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cities+%26+towns%22">Cities & towns</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+losses%22">Heat losses</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heating+from+central+stations%22">Heating from central stations</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geographic+information+systems%22">Geographic information systems</searchLink> – Name: SubjectGeographic Label: Geographic Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ulaanbaatar+%28Mongolia%29%22">Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mongolia%22">Mongolia</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, operates one of the world's largest district heating (DH) systems in the coldest national capital (heating degree-days ~5800). Despite serving over 60% of the city's 1.6 million residents, the current 3rd generation DH system suffers from high thermal losses (~17–18%) and relies on coal-fired combined heat and power plants. Transitioning to 4th generation district heating (4GDH) with lower supply temperatures could reduce these losses while enabling future low-temperature renewable energy integration. A geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial heat load density (HLD) analysis uses operational data from the Ulaanbaatar District Heating Company, encompassing 13,500 buildings with a total connected capacity of 3924 MW. Grid-based spatial analysis was performed at two resolutions (1 km2 and 2 km2). Threshold sensitivity analysis was conducted across HLD criteria of 1–5 MW/km2. Results indicate that median HLD values exceed the European reference threshold of 3 MW/km2, with log-normal distributions confirmed by Shapiro–Wilk tests. Three candidate pilot zones were identified. A hybrid temperature strategy (65/35 °C above −25 °C; 90/60 °C below) further contextualizes the findings. These results suggest spatially favorable conditions for 4GDH development, providing a quantitative foundation for subsequent techno-economic feasibility studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=192959002 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/en19071598 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 18 StartPage: 1598 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Heating load Type: general – SubjectFull: Clean energy Type: general – SubjectFull: Cities & towns Type: general – SubjectFull: Heat losses Type: general – SubjectFull: Heating from central stations Type: general – SubjectFull: Geographic information systems Type: general – SubjectFull: Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) Type: general – SubjectFull: Mongolia Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Spatial Heat Load Density Analysis for Assessing 4th Generation District Heating Potential in Extreme Cold Climate Cities: A Case Study of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Khalzan, Tsolmon – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Sereeter, Batmunkh IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 04 Text: Apr2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 19961073 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 19 – Type: issue Value: 7 Titles: – TitleFull: Energies (19961073) Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
