Irradiance-Driven Natural Watermarking for Detection of False Data Injection in PV Inverters.
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| Title: | Irradiance-Driven Natural Watermarking for Detection of False Data Injection in PV Inverters. |
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| Authors: | Bjorndal, Lars1 (AUTHOR), Balahewa, Imasha1 (AUTHOR), Vosoughi Kurdkandi, Naser1 (AUTHOR), Huang, Tong1 (AUTHOR) thuang7@sdsu.edu, Mi, Chris1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Energies (19961073). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2851. 22p. |
| Subject Terms: | *Falsification of data, *Photovoltaic power systems, *Internet security, *Hardware-in-the-loop simulation, *Anomaly detection (Computer security), *Smart power grids |
| Abstract: | The widespread deployment of photovoltaic (PV) inverters with digital control and communication systems has increased the power grid's attack surface, making it more vulnerable to cyberattacks. This creates a need for locally implementable attack-detection methods that do not disrupt inverter operation. This paper therefore proposes an irradiance-driven natural watermarking approach for decentralized detection of false data injection (FDI) attacks on inverter terminal measurements. The approach leverages irradiance-driven DC-link voltage variations to watermark the inverter outputs, generating a non-removable signature in the true measurements. The proposed method is evaluated using a real-time hardware-in-the-loop model of a three-phase grid-following PV inverter that captures PV-array and grid-connection dynamics. Implementation robustness is further assessed on a separate hardware grid-forming inverter testbed with non-idealized components. In the tested cases, the detection model identifies noise-injection and replay attacks within 15 ms , while otherwise undetectable model-based attacks are revealed when DC-link voltage variations between 5% and 10% occur. These experimental results demonstrate that irradiance-driven natural watermarking can reveal FDI attacks without affecting normal inverter operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Database: | Energy & Power Source |
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| Abstract: | The widespread deployment of photovoltaic (PV) inverters with digital control and communication systems has increased the power grid's attack surface, making it more vulnerable to cyberattacks. This creates a need for locally implementable attack-detection methods that do not disrupt inverter operation. This paper therefore proposes an irradiance-driven natural watermarking approach for decentralized detection of false data injection (FDI) attacks on inverter terminal measurements. The approach leverages irradiance-driven DC-link voltage variations to watermark the inverter outputs, generating a non-removable signature in the true measurements. The proposed method is evaluated using a real-time hardware-in-the-loop model of a three-phase grid-following PV inverter that captures PV-array and grid-connection dynamics. Implementation robustness is further assessed on a separate hardware grid-forming inverter testbed with non-idealized components. In the tested cases, the detection model identifies noise-injection and replay attacks within 15 ms , while otherwise undetectable model-based attacks are revealed when DC-link voltage variations between 5% and 10% occur. These experimental results demonstrate that irradiance-driven natural watermarking can reveal FDI attacks without affecting normal inverter operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| ISSN: | 19961073 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/en19122851 |
