How do country R&D change the allocation of self-employment across different types?
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| Authors: | Burke, Andrew1 (AUTHOR), Lyalkov, Serhiy2 (AUTHOR), Millán, Ana3 (AUTHOR), Millán, José María4 (AUTHOR) jmillan@uhu.es, van Stel, André1,5 (AUTHOR) |
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| Source: | Small Business Economics. Feb2021, Vol. 56 Issue 2, p695-721. 27p. 7 Charts. |
| Subject Terms: | *Self-employment, *Freelancers, *Cost shifting |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of country R&D on the allocation of self-employment across different types, where types are identified based on occupational status and start-up motive. We first conduct a literature review based on which we consider the self-employed with employees to be of higher 'quality' (in terms of their overall contribution to the economy) compared with independent own-account workers, who in turn may be considered of higher quality than dependent self-employed workers. Similarly, we also consider opportunity self-employed to be of higher quality than necessity self-employed. Our empirical analysis then shows that the level of a country's R&D expenditures increases the share of self-employed with employees and that of opportunity self-employed (i.e. the self-employment types associated with higher quality) at the cost of the shares of dependent self-employed and necessity self-employed. Higher R&D expenditures at the country level thus increase the quality of self-employment in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Database: | Entrepreneurial Studies Source |
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| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of country R&D on the allocation of self-employment across different types, where types are identified based on occupational status and start-up motive. We first conduct a literature review based on which we consider the self-employed with employees to be of higher 'quality' (in terms of their overall contribution to the economy) compared with independent own-account workers, who in turn may be considered of higher quality than dependent self-employed workers. Similarly, we also consider opportunity self-employed to be of higher quality than necessity self-employed. Our empirical analysis then shows that the level of a country's R&D expenditures increases the share of self-employed with employees and that of opportunity self-employed (i.e. the self-employment types associated with higher quality) at the cost of the shares of dependent self-employed and necessity self-employed. Higher R&D expenditures at the country level thus increase the quality of self-employment in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| ISSN: | 0921898X |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s11187-019-00196-z |
