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Embedding Embedded Standard Setting: An Application of Cross-Classified Item Response Theory. CRESST Report 876

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Bibliographic Details
Title: Embedding Embedded Standard Setting: An Application of Cross-Classified Item Response Theory. CRESST Report 876
Language: English
Authors: Yun-Kyung Kim, Li Cai, National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST)
Source: National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST). 2025.
Availability: National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST). 300 Charles E Young Drive N, GSE&IS Building 3rd Floor, Mailbox 951522, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1522. Tel: 310-206-1532; Fax: 310-825-3883; Web site: http://www.cresst.org
Peer Reviewed: N
Page Count: 25
Publication Date: 2025
Sponsoring Agency: Department of Education (ED)
Contract Number: S368A190007
Document Type: Reports - Research
Descriptors: Standard Setting (Scoring), Item Response Theory, Test Items, Difficulty Level, Alternative Assessment, English Learners
Abstract: This paper introduces an application of cross-classified item response theory (IRT) modeling to an assessment utilizing the embedded standard setting (ESS) method (Lewis & Cook). The cross-classified IRT model is used to treat both item and person effects as random, where the item effects are regressed on the target performance levels (target PLs) assigned by item writers. The resulting regression coefficients reflect the alignment between the target PLs and item difficulty levels, a critical factor in evaluating the efficacy of the ESS method. A simulation study confirmed a successful recovery of the regression coefficients. We applied the model to an alternate English language proficiency assessment (Alt ELPA) developed for English learners with the most significant cognitive disabilities. The empirical example showcases the model's ability to provide validity and technical adequacy information for an assessment program serving a particularly small population, under heavy constraints on data collection design and reporting requirements.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: ED672695
Database: ERIC
Description
Abstract:This paper introduces an application of cross-classified item response theory (IRT) modeling to an assessment utilizing the embedded standard setting (ESS) method (Lewis & Cook). The cross-classified IRT model is used to treat both item and person effects as random, where the item effects are regressed on the target performance levels (target PLs) assigned by item writers. The resulting regression coefficients reflect the alignment between the target PLs and item difficulty levels, a critical factor in evaluating the efficacy of the ESS method. A simulation study confirmed a successful recovery of the regression coefficients. We applied the model to an alternate English language proficiency assessment (Alt ELPA) developed for English learners with the most significant cognitive disabilities. The empirical example showcases the model's ability to provide validity and technical adequacy information for an assessment program serving a particularly small population, under heavy constraints on data collection design and reporting requirements.