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An Evaluation of Urine Alarms in Intensive Toilet Training Programs

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Title: An Evaluation of Urine Alarms in Intensive Toilet Training Programs
Language: English
Authors: Jenee Vickers Johnson, Jason C. Travers, Kathleen N. Tuck, Pamela L. Neidert, Heather J. Forbes
Source: Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities. 2025 60(2):117-132.
Availability: Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Council for Exceptional Children. DDD, P.O. Box 3512, Fayetteville, AR 72702. Tel: 479-575-3326; Fax: 479-575-6676; Web site: http://www.daddcec.com/
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 16
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Toilet Training, Reinforcement, Punishment, Intellectual Disability, Developmental Disabilities, Barriers, Audio Equipment, Comparative Analysis, Outcomes of Treatment, Males, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Preschool Children, Assistive Technology
ISSN: 2154-1647
Abstract: Urine-detecting alarms are prevalent in toilet training intervention research and clinical practice for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, but the effects of urine alarms remain unclear. Urine alarms may function as punishing or reinforcing contingencies, or may merely alert trainers to accidents and improve treatment integrity. An alternating treatments design was used to compare the rate of accidents and the rate of in-toilet urinations during three conditions: intensive toilet training, intensive toilet training with an audible alarm, and intensive toilet training with an inaudible alarm. Participants were three young boys with autism. Results showed undifferentiated responding across conditions for all participants, with two of three participants appearing to acquire toileting skills during the comparison phase. We discuss the role of behavior irreversibility in light of our findings and associated study limitations. Future research should investigate inaudible urine alarms in settings with less adult support. Implications for professional practice given ethical guidelines for restrictive procedures are discussed.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Access URL: https://daddcec.com/publications/etadd
Accession Number: EJ1475593
Database: ERIC
FullText Links:
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  Data: An Evaluation of Urine Alarms in Intensive Toilet Training Programs
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jenee+Vickers+Johnson%22">Jenee Vickers Johnson</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jason+C%2E+Travers%22">Jason C. Travers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kathleen+N%2E+Tuck%22">Kathleen N. Tuck</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pamela+L%2E+Neidert%22">Pamela L. Neidert</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Heather+J%2E+Forbes%22">Heather J. Forbes</searchLink>
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  Data: Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Council for Exceptional Children. DDD, P.O. Box 3512, Fayetteville, AR 72702. Tel: 479-575-3326; Fax: 479-575-6676; Web site: http://www.daddcec.com/
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Urine-detecting alarms are prevalent in toilet training intervention research and clinical practice for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, but the effects of urine alarms remain unclear. Urine alarms may function as punishing or reinforcing contingencies, or may merely alert trainers to accidents and improve treatment integrity. An alternating treatments design was used to compare the rate of accidents and the rate of in-toilet urinations during three conditions: intensive toilet training, intensive toilet training with an audible alarm, and intensive toilet training with an inaudible alarm. Participants were three young boys with autism. Results showed undifferentiated responding across conditions for all participants, with two of three participants appearing to acquire toileting skills during the comparison phase. We discuss the role of behavior irreversibility in light of our findings and associated study limitations. Future research should investigate inaudible urine alarms in settings with less adult support. Implications for professional practice given ethical guidelines for restrictive procedures are discussed.
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    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 117
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Toilet Training
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reinforcement
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Punishment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Intellectual Disability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Developmental Disabilities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Barriers
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      – SubjectFull: Audio Equipment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Comparative Analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Outcomes of Treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Males
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Autism Spectrum Disorders
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Preschool Children
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      – SubjectFull: Assistive Technology
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: An Evaluation of Urine Alarms in Intensive Toilet Training Programs
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            NameFull: Kathleen N. Tuck
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            NameFull: Pamela L. Neidert
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            NameFull: Heather J. Forbes
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              Y: 2025
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