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Visual-Motor Integration and Handwriting Development in Chinese Primary School Children: An Analysis across Different Grade Levels

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Title: Visual-Motor Integration and Handwriting Development in Chinese Primary School Children: An Analysis across Different Grade Levels
Language: English
Authors: Rui Dong, Li Yin (ORCID 0000-0001-6769-7947)
Source: Infant and Child Development. 2025 34(4).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 7
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Education
Descriptors: Visual Perception, Psychomotor Skills, Literacy Education, Chinese, Handwriting, Elementary School Students, Instructional Program Divisions, Correlation, Foreign Countries, Perceptual Motor Coordination
Geographic Terms: China
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration
DOI: 10.1002/icd.70037
ISSN: 1522-7227
1522-7219
Abstract: Visual-motor integration (VMI) is crucial for children's literacy development, especially in writing Chinese characters, which are more complex than alphabetic letters. The developmental trajectory of VMI and its relationship with handwriting skills across different elementary school grades remain underexplored. This study investigates the developmental trajectory of VMI in Chinese primary school students across different grades and examines whether grade level moderates the relationship between VMI and handwriting ability. A total of 672 native Chinese students from grades 1 to 6 in Shandong and Henan Provinces, China, were assessed (330 females, M[subscript age] = 9.23 years). VMI was evaluated using the Beery Visual-Motor Integration Development Test. Handwriting fluency and accuracy were measured through the Digit and Character Writing Task, as well as the Paper-Pen Copying Task. VMI levels increased significantly from grades 1 to 3, then plateaued by grade 4. Grade level positively moderated the relationship between VMI and handwriting fluency, but negatively moderated the relationship between VMI and handwriting accuracy. VMI levels in Chinese primary school students show rapid early growth, followed by slower progression. VMI has a stronger influence on handwriting fluency in the upper grades, while it affects handwriting accuracy more in the lower grades. These findings underscore the variability in VMI development and offer valuable insights for targeted interventions.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1481783
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Visual-Motor Integration and Handwriting Development in Chinese Primary School Children: An Analysis across Different Grade Levels
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rui+Dong%22">Rui Dong</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li+Yin%22">Li Yin</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6769-7947">0000-0001-6769-7947</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Infant+and+Child+Development%22"><i>Infant and Child Development</i></searchLink>. 2025 34(4).
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 7
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Elementary+Education%22">Elementary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Visual+Perception%22">Visual Perception</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychomotor+Skills%22">Psychomotor Skills</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Literacy+Education%22">Literacy Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chinese%22">Chinese</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Handwriting%22">Handwriting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elementary+School+Students%22">Elementary School Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Instructional+Program+Divisions%22">Instructional Program Divisions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Correlation%22">Correlation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Perceptual+Motor+Coordination%22">Perceptual Motor Coordination</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1002/icd.70037
– Name: ISSN
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  Data: 1522-7227<br />1522-7219
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Visual-motor integration (VMI) is crucial for children's literacy development, especially in writing Chinese characters, which are more complex than alphabetic letters. The developmental trajectory of VMI and its relationship with handwriting skills across different elementary school grades remain underexplored. This study investigates the developmental trajectory of VMI in Chinese primary school students across different grades and examines whether grade level moderates the relationship between VMI and handwriting ability. A total of 672 native Chinese students from grades 1 to 6 in Shandong and Henan Provinces, China, were assessed (330 females, M[subscript age] = 9.23 years). VMI was evaluated using the Beery Visual-Motor Integration Development Test. Handwriting fluency and accuracy were measured through the Digit and Character Writing Task, as well as the Paper-Pen Copying Task. VMI levels increased significantly from grades 1 to 3, then plateaued by grade 4. Grade level positively moderated the relationship between VMI and handwriting fluency, but negatively moderated the relationship between VMI and handwriting accuracy. VMI levels in Chinese primary school students show rapid early growth, followed by slower progression. VMI has a stronger influence on handwriting fluency in the upper grades, while it affects handwriting accuracy more in the lower grades. These findings underscore the variability in VMI development and offer valuable insights for targeted interventions.
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  Data: 2025
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        Value: 10.1002/icd.70037
    Languages:
      – Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 7
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Visual Perception
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychomotor Skills
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Literacy Education
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      – SubjectFull: Chinese
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Handwriting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elementary School Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Instructional Program Divisions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Correlation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
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      – SubjectFull: Perceptual Motor Coordination
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      – SubjectFull: China
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      – SubjectFull: Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration
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      – TitleFull: Visual-Motor Integration and Handwriting Development in Chinese Primary School Children: An Analysis across Different Grade Levels
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            NameFull: Rui Dong
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            NameFull: Li Yin
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              M: 07
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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