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Assessing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Related Impairment: Differential Item Functioning Based on Child Demographic Characteristics

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Title: Assessing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Related Impairment: Differential Item Functioning Based on Child Demographic Characteristics
Language: English
Authors: Eliana Rosenthal (ORCID 0000-0003-4878-8370), Qiong Fu, George J. DuPaul, Robert Reid, Arthur D. Anastopoulos, Thomas J. Power
Source: School Psychology. 2025 40(4):483-492.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 10
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Secondary Education
Descriptors: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Students with Disabilities, Family Relationship, Peer Relationship, Teacher Student Relationship, Symptoms (Individual Disorders), Self Esteem, Behavior Problems, Homework, Academic Achievement, Parent Attitudes, Teacher Attitudes, Individual Characteristics, Gender Differences, Age Differences, Racial Differences, Ethnicity, Elementary Secondary Education
DOI: 10.1037/spq0000643
ISSN: 2578-4218
2578-4226
Abstract: Although numerous studies have examined how child demographic characteristics may impact ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, there is limited research on how these factors are related to ratings of impairment. This study examined child characteristics (assigned sex, age, race, ethnicity) that may affect parent and teacher ratings of ADHD symptom-related impairments in relationships with family and/or teacher, peer relationships, behavior disruption, academic impairment, homework performance, and self-esteem. The study was conducted using independent U.S. national samples of parents (n = 2,075) and teachers (n = 1,070). Informants rated impairments related to inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity using the ADHD Rating Scale--5. Rasch analyses were used to examine differential item functioning in relation to child characteristics. Separate analyses were conducted for inattention- and hyperactivity-impulsivity-related impairment for both the parent and teacher samples. For teacher ratings, only two items (behavior disruption, homework impairment) demonstrated differential item functioning with intermediate or large effect sizes (≥0.426 logits) in relation to any child characteristic; whereas for parent ratings, all six items displayed differential item functioning with at least intermediate effect sizes in relation to one or more child characteristics. The findings indicated several areas in which child characteristics may have an impact on ratings of ADHD-related impairment, particularly based on parent ratings, which have potential implications for the diagnostic assessment of ADHD and highlight the need for further research.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1507801
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Assessing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Related Impairment: Differential Item Functioning Based on Child Demographic Characteristics
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Eliana+Rosenthal%22">Eliana Rosenthal</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-8370">0000-0003-4878-8370</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qiong+Fu%22">Qiong Fu</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22George+J%2E+DuPaul%22">George J. DuPaul</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Robert+Reid%22">Robert Reid</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Arthur+D%2E+Anastopoulos%22">Arthur D. Anastopoulos</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thomas+J%2E+Power%22">Thomas J. Power</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22School+Psychology%22"><i>School Psychology</i></searchLink>. 2025 40(4):483-492.
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 10
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Elementary+Secondary+Education%22">Elementary Secondary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attention+Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder%22">Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Students+with+Disabilities%22">Students with Disabilities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Family+Relationship%22">Family Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Peer+Relationship%22">Peer Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Teacher+Student+Relationship%22">Teacher Student Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Symptoms+%28Individual+Disorders%29%22">Symptoms (Individual Disorders)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Self+Esteem%22">Self Esteem</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+Problems%22">Behavior Problems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Homework%22">Homework</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Academic+Achievement%22">Academic Achievement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parent+Attitudes%22">Parent Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Teacher+Attitudes%22">Teacher Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individual+Characteristics%22">Individual Characteristics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+Differences%22">Gender Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Age+Differences%22">Age Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Racial+Differences%22">Racial Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethnicity%22">Ethnicity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elementary+Secondary+Education%22">Elementary Secondary Education</searchLink>
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  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1037/spq0000643
– Name: ISSN
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  Data: 2578-4218<br />2578-4226
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Although numerous studies have examined how child demographic characteristics may impact ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, there is limited research on how these factors are related to ratings of impairment. This study examined child characteristics (assigned sex, age, race, ethnicity) that may affect parent and teacher ratings of ADHD symptom-related impairments in relationships with family and/or teacher, peer relationships, behavior disruption, academic impairment, homework performance, and self-esteem. The study was conducted using independent U.S. national samples of parents (n = 2,075) and teachers (n = 1,070). Informants rated impairments related to inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity using the ADHD Rating Scale--5. Rasch analyses were used to examine differential item functioning in relation to child characteristics. Separate analyses were conducted for inattention- and hyperactivity-impulsivity-related impairment for both the parent and teacher samples. For teacher ratings, only two items (behavior disruption, homework impairment) demonstrated differential item functioning with intermediate or large effect sizes (≥0.426 logits) in relation to any child characteristic; whereas for parent ratings, all six items displayed differential item functioning with at least intermediate effect sizes in relation to one or more child characteristics. The findings indicated several areas in which child characteristics may have an impact on ratings of ADHD-related impairment, particularly based on parent ratings, which have potential implications for the diagnostic assessment of ADHD and highlight the need for further research.
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: EJ1507801
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        Value: 10.1037/spq0000643
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      – Text: English
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        StartPage: 483
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Students with Disabilities
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      – SubjectFull: Family Relationship
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      – SubjectFull: Peer Relationship
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      – SubjectFull: Teacher Student Relationship
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      – SubjectFull: Individual Characteristics
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      – TitleFull: Assessing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Related Impairment: Differential Item Functioning Based on Child Demographic Characteristics
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