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Direct and Indirect Effects of Fluid Intelligence on the Retrieval Practice Effect

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Title: Direct and Indirect Effects of Fluid Intelligence on the Retrieval Practice Effect
Language: English
Authors: Marcos Felipe Rodrigues de Lima (ORCID 0000-0002-5922-2543), Luciano Grüdtner Buratto (ORCID 0000-0002-7003-7824)
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2025 51(5):791-803.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 13
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Recall (Psychology), Intelligence, Logical Thinking, Abstract Reasoning, Individual Differences, College Students, Foreign Countries, Difficulty Level
Geographic Terms: Brazil
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices
DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001401
ISSN: 0278-7393
1939-1285
Abstract: In this study, participants (N = 144) first studied 40 word pairs, then restudied half of the word pairs and practiced retrieval with feedback on the other half. In separate sessions, they then completed cued-recall and fluid intelligence (gF) tests. Three main objectives were addressed. First, we sought to generalize two findings reported by M. Minear et al. (2018): During the final-test phase, the high gF group exhibited a greater retrieval practice effect for difficult items compared to easy items, while the opposite pattern was observed for the low gF group; and, during the practice phase, the advantage of the high gF group over the low gF group increased across cycles for difficult items but not for easy items. Overall, we successfully extended their results. Second, we investigated whether gF is related to the amount of new items recalled during the practice phase. Consistent positive relationships were found in Cycles 1-3 (rs between 0.30 and 0.43). Third, we tested and found an indirect effect of gF on the retrieval practice effect mediated by performance during the practice phase. One possibility is that learners with higher gF may be particularly skilled at generating effective mediators and at monitoring and replacing less effective ones after retrieval failures. We recommend the following research agenda: measure the production, shift, and retrieval of mediators; manipulate the number of retrieval practice opportunities; probe the retrieval practice effect with free-recall tests; and adopt procedures based on learning to a criterion.
Abstractor: As Provided
Notes: https://osf.io/nu6q8
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1508288
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Direct and Indirect Effects of Fluid Intelligence on the Retrieval Practice Effect
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marcos+Felipe+Rodrigues+de+Lima%22">Marcos Felipe Rodrigues de Lima</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5922-2543">0000-0002-5922-2543</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luciano+Grüdtner+Buratto%22">Luciano Grüdtner Buratto</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7003-7824">0000-0002-7003-7824</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology%3A+Learning%2C+Memory%2C+and+Cognition%22"><i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition</i></searchLink>. 2025 51(5):791-803.
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Data: 13
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Recall+%28Psychology%29%22">Recall (Psychology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intelligence%22">Intelligence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Logical+Thinking%22">Logical Thinking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Abstract+Reasoning%22">Abstract Reasoning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individual+Differences%22">Individual Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Students%22">College Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Difficulty+Level%22">Difficulty Level</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1037/xlm0001401
– Name: ISSN
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: In this study, participants (N = 144) first studied 40 word pairs, then restudied half of the word pairs and practiced retrieval with feedback on the other half. In separate sessions, they then completed cued-recall and fluid intelligence (gF) tests. Three main objectives were addressed. First, we sought to generalize two findings reported by M. Minear et al. (2018): During the final-test phase, the high gF group exhibited a greater retrieval practice effect for difficult items compared to easy items, while the opposite pattern was observed for the low gF group; and, during the practice phase, the advantage of the high gF group over the low gF group increased across cycles for difficult items but not for easy items. Overall, we successfully extended their results. Second, we investigated whether gF is related to the amount of new items recalled during the practice phase. Consistent positive relationships were found in Cycles 1-3 (rs between 0.30 and 0.43). Third, we tested and found an indirect effect of gF on the retrieval practice effect mediated by performance during the practice phase. One possibility is that learners with higher gF may be particularly skilled at generating effective mediators and at monitoring and replacing less effective ones after retrieval failures. We recommend the following research agenda: measure the production, shift, and retrieval of mediators; manipulate the number of retrieval practice opportunities; probe the retrieval practice effect with free-recall tests; and adopt procedures based on learning to a criterion.
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  Data: https://osf.io/nu6q8
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: EJ1508288
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1508288
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      – SubjectFull: Logical Thinking
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      – SubjectFull: Abstract Reasoning
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