Anestesia regional en pediatría 2018.

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Bibliographic Details
Title: Anestesia regional en pediatría 2018.
Authors: Melman-Szteyn, Estela1 estelamelman@gmail.com, Zaragoza-Lemus, Guadalupe2
Source: Revista Mexicana de Anestesiología. jul-sep2018, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p213-227. 15p. 17 Color Photographs, 1 Black and White Photograph, 1 Diagram, 4 Charts.
Abstract (English): The history of regional anesthesia goes back to the discovery of cocaine in 1884 by Koeller. Since then its development has been accelerated achieving a preponderant place in the daily practice of anesthesia. Its range of benefits is very wide, but as any other technique, requires experience and expertise. Its use in neonates, infants and children, either as a sole anesthetic or combined with inhaled anesthesia, provides anesthesia and analgesia during and postoperatively. Local anesthetics block propagation of nerve impulses along the nerve fibers by inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels; its action is not limited only to the sodium channels involved in nerve transmission, but also in those of other tissues like the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, as occurs in cases of overdose or massive absorption during inadvertent intravascular injection, which can lead to serious complications with life risk. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) has to be recognized and treated immediately; new guidelines have been issued and clinicians have to be aware of them. The introduction of ultrasound guided blocks has revolutionized the practice of regional anesthesia particularly in small children where anatomy can be easily identified. This technique shows a clear advantage over the use of a neurostimulator or those based on anatomical landmarks, by allowing a clear visualization of neuraxial structures, shorter time to perform the block, reduced time to block onset and use of a smaller volume of local anesthetic. Regional anesthesia continuous to evolve towards improvement and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Abstract (Spanish): La historia de la anestesia regional se remonta al descubrimiento de la cocaína en 1884. A partir de entonces el desarrollo de la misma ha sido vertiginoso, hasta ocupar un sitio preponderante en la práctica diaria. Tiene un margen amplio de beneficios y como toda técnica requiere de experiencia y pericia. Su uso en neonatos, lactantes y niños, como anestésico único o en combinación con anestesia general inhalada, proporciona anestesia y analgesia trans- y postoperatoria. Los anestésicos locales bloquean la propagación de los impulsos nerviosos inactivando los canales iónicos de Na+; su acción no se limita únicamente a los canales de sodio de los nervios involucrados en la transmisión nerviosa, sino también en casos de dosis en exceso, o absorción masiva por inyección intravascular inadvertida, pueden bloquearse los canales de sodio de otros tejidos, tales como los que se encuentran en el sistema nervioso central y cardiovascular, dando lugar a complicaciones muy serias que pueden poner en riesgo la vida. El tratamiento de la toxicidad por anestésicos locales o LAST, debe ser instituido de inmediato conociendo las modificaciones que se han implementado para ello y que se describen en el texto. El uso de técnicas guiadas por ultrasonido para bloqueos centrales o de nervios periféricos ha revolucionado la práctica de la anestesia regional, particularmente en niños pequeños debido a la claridad con la que las estructuras anatómicas pueden visualizarse. Esta técnica muestra clara superioridad sobre la técnica basada en el uso del neuroestimulador, o las referencias anatómicas, al permitir una visualización directa de las estructuras neuraxiales, menor tiempo para llevar a cabo el bloqueo, menor tiempo de inicio de acción del anestésico local y menor volumen depositado in situ. La anestesia regional continúa evolucionando hacia técnicas de mayor calidad y seguridad, para beneficio de nuestros pacientes pediátricos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database: MedicLatina
Description
Abstract:The history of regional anesthesia goes back to the discovery of cocaine in 1884 by Koeller. Since then its development has been accelerated achieving a preponderant place in the daily practice of anesthesia. Its range of benefits is very wide, but as any other technique, requires experience and expertise. Its use in neonates, infants and children, either as a sole anesthetic or combined with inhaled anesthesia, provides anesthesia and analgesia during and postoperatively. Local anesthetics block propagation of nerve impulses along the nerve fibers by inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels; its action is not limited only to the sodium channels involved in nerve transmission, but also in those of other tissues like the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, as occurs in cases of overdose or massive absorption during inadvertent intravascular injection, which can lead to serious complications with life risk. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) has to be recognized and treated immediately; new guidelines have been issued and clinicians have to be aware of them. The introduction of ultrasound guided blocks has revolutionized the practice of regional anesthesia particularly in small children where anatomy can be easily identified. This technique shows a clear advantage over the use of a neurostimulator or those based on anatomical landmarks, by allowing a clear visualization of neuraxial structures, shorter time to perform the block, reduced time to block onset and use of a smaller volume of local anesthetic. Regional anesthesia continuous to evolve towards improvement and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:04847903