RIESGOS ASOCIADOS AL CONSUMO DE ALCOHOL DURANTE EL EMBARAZO EN MUJERES ALCOHÓLICAS DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO.

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Bibliographic Details
Title:	RIESGOS ASOCIADOS AL CONSUMO DE ALCOHOL DURANTE EL EMBARAZO EN MUJERES ALCOHÓLICAS DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO.
Authors:	Berenzon Gorn, Shoshana¹, Romero Mendoza, Martha¹ romerom@imp.edu.mx, Tiburcio Sainz, Marcela¹, Medina-Mora Icaza, Ma. Elena², Rojas Guiot, Estela¹
Source:	Salud Mental. ene2007, Vol. 30 Issue 1, p31-38. 8p.
Subjects:	ALCOHOLISM, ALCOHOLISM in pregnancy, SUBSTANCE abuse, WOMEN'S health, ALCOHOL drinking
Abstract (English):	Alcoholism is among the main worldwide public health problems and it affects men and women differentially. Several studies show that, when compared to men, women develop more severe dependence, more family and social consequences and experience more difficulties to stop drinking. Differences on the impact that substance abuse has on women's life and health are related to the roles, functions and social expectancies placed on them concerning the continuity and care for the rest of the family. For this reason, alcohol intake constitutes a special problem since it affects the health of both the mother and her offspring. Alcoholic women have a higher risk of suffering obstetric complications during pregnancy, such as placenta insufficiency, intrauterine development retardation, early placenta detachment, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and pre-term delivery. Alcohol abuse during pregnancy is also associated with low weight offspring, congenital abnormalities and further behavioral and learning difficulties. In some countries, drinking during pregnancy is considered an offense which requires legal action. In some cases, women may be put in jail until delivery and lactation. In other regions, children welfare authorities view drinking during pregnancy as a form of aggression or neglect. Such measures prevent women from searching prenatal attention which in its case might lead to severe health consequences for the mother, the embryo and the society. Estimates of alcohol consumption during pregnancy around the world vary considerably and figures range from 4.1% to 83%. However, the variation might be related to the amount of alcohol units and the period of time considered in each measurement. A case-control study in Naucalpan, Mexico, found that 11% of the women interviewees admitted having drank during pregnancy, 5% of the mothers in the control group and 2% of the case group stopped drinking during lactation. Still, any of the considered variables was found to predict postnatal mortality through logistic regression analyses. Another study performed with data from the 1988 National Survey on Addictions documents that alcohol intake during pregnancy is a risk factor for congenital abnormalities (OR=3.4). The available data about the risks associated with drinking during pregnancy in Mexico comes from research in general population, while little is known about clinical population. For this reason, the objectives of this article are: 1. to analyze the characteristics of alcohol consumption in a group of women who sought help to stop drinking, 2. to identify family history of alcohol abuse in this group and 3. to explore the consequences of drinking on their offspring. In this case study, interviews were held with 200 women who attended two treatment agencies in Mexico City due to alcohol consumption problems. The questionnaire used includes the Spanish version of the CIDI-SAM and other sections to explore drinking during pregnancy and lactation, as well as family history of alcoholism. Selection criteria were: 1. aged 18 or older, 2. seeking help for the first time, 3. physical and mental conditions that would allow to answer the questionnaire, 4. having drank during the previous year. Women agreed to participate voluntarily once the objectives of the study were explained and confidentiality assured. Personnel of both treatment agencies administered the questionnaire and interviews lasted 60 minutes average. The diagnostics of alcohol dependence were obtained according to DSM-IV criteria. Data were analyzed with the statistical program SPSS v. 10, for Windows. A total of 134 women reported having been pregnant at least once, and 57.5% of them admitted having drank alcoholic beverages during pregnancy. Age ranged from 18 to 61 years (mean=40), 50% were married or living with a partner, 18% were divorced or separated and 13% had never married.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Abstract (Spanish):	El alcoholismo constituye uno de los primeros problemas de salud pública en la mayoría de los países y afecta de manera diferencial a hombres y mujeres. El impacto que tiene el consumo de sustancias en la vida y salud de las mujeres se relaciona con los roles, funciones y expectativas que les son asignados, entre ellas el cuidado y continuidad de la familia. Es por eso que la ingesta de alcohol durante el embarazo representa una problemática particular debido a que afecta la salud de la madre y la del producto. Durante el embarazo la mujer alcohólica tiene un riesgo elevado de presentar importantes complicaciones obstétricas. Además, aumenta el riesgo de que los niños nazcan con bajo peso, diversas anomalías congénitas y afecta el desarrollo conductual y del aprendizaje. En un estudio de casos y controles realizado en el Estado de México, se encontró que el 11% de las entrevistadas había ingerido bebidas alcohólicas durante el embarazo; el 5% de las madres del grupo control y 2% de los casos bebió durante la lactancia; no obstante, en el modelo de regresión logística ninguna de las variables consideradas predijo la mortalidad postnatal. Por otra parte, un análisis de regresión logística realizado con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones de 1988 documenta que el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo es un factor de riesgo para tener bebés con malformaciones congénitas (OR=3.4). Como se observa, los datos sobre lo que ocurre en México provienen de investigaciones realizadas en población general, por lo tanto, los objetivos de este trabajo son: 1) analizar las características de la ingesta de alcohol en un grupo de mujeres que acudieron a tratamiento por problemas de alcoholismo, 2) identificar los antecedentes familiares de consumo de alcohol en este grupo de mujeres y 3) conocer las consecuencias del consumo en los hijos. Se realizó un estudio de casos en donde se entrevistaron a 200 mujeres que solicitaron ayuda para tratar problemas relacionados con su manera de beber, en dos clínicas de tratamiento de la Ciudad de México. Se utilizó la versión en español del CIDI-SAM y otras secciones para evaluar la ingesta de alcohol durante el embarazo y la lactancia y antecedentes familiares de consumo. Las entrevistas se realizaron por personal de las dos clínicas, se solicitó la colaboración voluntaria de las entrevistadas y se dio una breve explicación sobre los objetivos de la investigación, haciendo énfasis en el carácter confidencial de los datos. Los diagnósticos de dependencia al alcohol se obtuvieron a través de los criterios propuestos en el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales. Ciento treinta y cuatro mujeres reportaron haber estado embarazadas alguna vez, 57.5% de ellas consumió algún tipo de bebida durante el período de gestación. En este grupo se encontró un porcentaje elevado de antecedentes familiares de consumo (93.5%), sobre todo en padres y hermanos; el 70.3% de las mujeres que bebieron durante su embarazo cubrió por lo menos 3 de los 7 indicadores de dependencia del DSM-IV. El 12% de las mismas presentó aborto espontáneo, 13.7% parto prematuro; 5.5% muerte fetal; 6.8% anomalías congénitas y 13.7% tuvieron bebes con bajo peso.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database:	MedicLatina

Description
Abstract:	Alcoholism is among the main worldwide public health problems and it affects men and women differentially. Several studies show that, when compared to men, women develop more severe dependence, more family and social consequences and experience more difficulties to stop drinking. Differences on the impact that substance abuse has on women's life and health are related to the roles, functions and social expectancies placed on them concerning the continuity and care for the rest of the family. For this reason, alcohol intake constitutes a special problem since it affects the health of both the mother and her offspring. Alcoholic women have a higher risk of suffering obstetric complications during pregnancy, such as placenta insufficiency, intrauterine development retardation, early placenta detachment, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and pre-term delivery. Alcohol abuse during pregnancy is also associated with low weight offspring, congenital abnormalities and further behavioral and learning difficulties. In some countries, drinking during pregnancy is considered an offense which requires legal action. In some cases, women may be put in jail until delivery and lactation. In other regions, children welfare authorities view drinking during pregnancy as a form of aggression or neglect. Such measures prevent women from searching prenatal attention which in its case might lead to severe health consequences for the mother, the embryo and the society. Estimates of alcohol consumption during pregnancy around the world vary considerably and figures range from 4.1% to 83%. However, the variation might be related to the amount of alcohol units and the period of time considered in each measurement. A case-control study in Naucalpan, Mexico, found that 11% of the women interviewees admitted having drank during pregnancy, 5% of the mothers in the control group and 2% of the case group stopped drinking during lactation. Still, any of the considered variables was found to predict postnatal mortality through logistic regression analyses. Another study performed with data from the 1988 National Survey on Addictions documents that alcohol intake during pregnancy is a risk factor for congenital abnormalities (OR=3.4). The available data about the risks associated with drinking during pregnancy in Mexico comes from research in general population, while little is known about clinical population. For this reason, the objectives of this article are: 1. to analyze the characteristics of alcohol consumption in a group of women who sought help to stop drinking, 2. to identify family history of alcohol abuse in this group and 3. to explore the consequences of drinking on their offspring. In this case study, interviews were held with 200 women who attended two treatment agencies in Mexico City due to alcohol consumption problems. The questionnaire used includes the Spanish version of the CIDI-SAM and other sections to explore drinking during pregnancy and lactation, as well as family history of alcoholism. Selection criteria were: 1. aged 18 or older, 2. seeking help for the first time, 3. physical and mental conditions that would allow to answer the questionnaire, 4. having drank during the previous year. Women agreed to participate voluntarily once the objectives of the study were explained and confidentiality assured. Personnel of both treatment agencies administered the questionnaire and interviews lasted 60 minutes average. The diagnostics of alcohol dependence were obtained according to DSM-IV criteria. Data were analyzed with the statistical program SPSS v. 10, for Windows. A total of 134 women reported having been pregnant at least once, and 57.5% of them admitted having drank alcoholic beverages during pregnancy. Age ranged from 18 to 61 years (mean=40), 50% were married or living with a partner, 18% were divorced or separated and 13% had never married.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:	01853325