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The risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is geographically determined but modifiable.

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Title: The risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is geographically determined but modifiable.
Authors: Sharmin S; CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia.; Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia., Roos I; CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia.; Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia., Simpson-Yap S; CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia.; Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia.; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7000, Australia., Malpas C; CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia.; Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia., Sánchez MM; CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia.; Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia.; Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain., Ozakbas S; Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Konak/Izmir 35220, Turkey., Horakova D; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague 12808, Czech Republic., Havrdova EK; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague 12808, Czech Republic., Patti F; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Catania 95123, Italy., Alroughani R; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq 73767, Kuwait., Izquierdo G; Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla 41009, Spain., Eichau S; Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla 41009, Spain., Boz C; Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Karadeniz Technical University Farabi Hospital, Trabzon 61080, Turkey., Zakaria M; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt., Onofrj M; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti 66013, Italy., Lugaresi A; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna 40139, Italy., Weinstock-Guttman B; Department of Neurology, Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo 14202, USA., Prat A; CHUM MS Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal H2L 4M1, Canada., Girard M; CHUM MS Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal H2L 4M1, Canada., Duquette P; CHUM MS Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal H2L 4M1, Canada., Terzi M; Faculty of Medicine, 19 Mayis University, Samsun 55160, Turkey., Amato MP; Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy., Karabudak R; Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 6100, Turkey., Grand'Maison F; Neuro Rive-Sud, Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec J4V 2J2, Canada., Khoury SJ; Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon., Grammond P; Médecine spécialisée, CISSS Chaudière-Appalaches, Levis G6X 0A1, Canada., Lechner-Scott J; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2305, Australia., Buzzard K; Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne 3128, Australia., Skibina O; Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne 3128, Australia., van der Walt A; Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3000, Australia., Butzkueven H; Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3000, Australia., Turkoglu R; Department of Neurology, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey., Altintas A; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul 34450, Turkey., Maimone D; Centro Sclerosi Multipla, UOC Neurologia, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania 95124, Italy., Kermode A; Perron Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia., Shalaby N; Department of Neurology, Kasr Al Ainy MS Research Unit (KAMSU), Cairo 11562, Egypt., Pesch VV; Service de Neurologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels 1200 BXL, Belgium., Butler E; Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne 3168, Australia., Sidhom Y; Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba 2010, Tunisia., Gouider R; Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba 2010, Tunisia.; Clinical Investigation Center Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia., Mrabet S; Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba 2010, Tunisia.; Clinical Investigation Center Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia., Gerlach O; Academic MS Center Zuyderland, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen 5500, The Netherlands.; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6131 BK, The Netherlands., Soysal A; Department of Neurology, Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul 34147, Turkey., Barnett M; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney 2050, Australia., Kuhle J; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4000, Switzerland., Hughes S; Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK., Sa MJ; Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto 4200-319, Portugal., Hodgkinson S; Immune tolerance laboratory Ingham Institute and Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2170, Australia., Oreja-Guevara C; Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid 28050, Spain., Ampapa R; MS centrum, Nemocnice Jihlava, Jihlava 58633, Czech Republic., Petersen T; Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Arhus C 8000, Denmark., Ramo-Tello C; Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 8916, Spain., Spitaleri D; Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino 83100, Italy., McCombe P; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4000, Australia., Taylor B; Department of Neurology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart 7000, Australia., Prevost J; Département de neurologie, CSSS Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jerome J7Z 5T3, Canada., Foschi M; Department of Neuroscience, Neurology Unit, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital of Ravenna, Ravenna 48121, Italy., Slee M; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia., McGuigan C; Department of Neurology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin D04 T6F4, Ireland., Laureys G; Department of Neurology, Universitary Hospital Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium., Hijfte LV; Department of Neurology, Universitary Hospital Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium., de Gans K; Department of Neurology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda 2800 BB, The Netherlands., Solaro C; Department of Rehabilitation, CRRF 'Mons. Luigi Novarese', Moncrivello (VC) 16153, Italy., Oh J; Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B1W8, Canada., Macdonell R; Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne 3084, Australia., Aguera-Morales E; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba 14004, Spain., Singhal B; Department of Neurology, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai 400020, India., Gray O; Department of Neurology, South Eastern HSC Trust, Belfast BT16, UK., Garber J; Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney 2145, Australia., Wijmeersch BV; Rehabilitation and MS-Centre Overpelt, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3900, Belgium., Simu M; Clinic of Neurology II, Emergency Clinical County Hospital 'Pius Brinzeu', Timisoara 300723, Romania.; Department of Neurology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara 300041, Romania., Castillo-Triviño T; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain., Sanchez-Menoyo JL; Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo, Galdakao 48660, Spain., Khurana D; Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India., Al-Asmi A; Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Al-Khodh 123, Oman., Al-Harbi T; Neurology Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia., Deri N; Hospital Fernandez, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina., Fragoso Y; Department of Neurology, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos 11045-002, Brazil., Lalive PH; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 1211, Switzerland., Sinnige LGF; Department of Neurology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden 8934 AD, The Netherlands., Shaw C; Neuroscience Department, Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong 3220, Australia., Shuey N; Department of Neurology, St Vincents Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne 3065, Australia., Csepany T; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary., Sempere AP; Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante 3010, Spain., Moore F; Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal H3T 1E2, Canada., Decoo D; Department of Neurology & Neuro-Rehabilitation, AZ Alma Ziekenhuis, Sijsele-Damme 8340, Belgium., Willekens B; Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem 2650, Belgium.; Translational Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2650, Belgium., Gobbi C; Ospedale Civico Lugano, Lugano 6900, Switzerland., Massey J; St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney 2010, Australia., Hardy T; Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney 2139, Australia., Parratt J; Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney 2065, Australia., Kalincik T; CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia.; Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia.
Source: Brain : a journal of neurology [Brain] 2023 Nov 02; Vol. 146 (11), pp. 4633-4644.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Info: Publisher: Oxford University Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0372537 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1460-2156 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00068950 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Brain Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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ISSN:1460-2156
DOI:10.1093/brain/awad218