Multi-level socioeconomic modifiers of the comorbidity of post-traumatic stress and tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use: the importance of income.

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Title: Multi-level socioeconomic modifiers of the comorbidity of post-traumatic stress and tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use: the importance of income.
Authors: Garrison-Desany HM; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. hgarrisondesany@hsph.harvard.edu., Meyers JL; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, 11203, USA., Linnstaedt SD; Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA., Koenen KC; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA., House SL; Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA., Beaudoin FL; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02930, USA.; Department of Emergency Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02930, USA., An X; Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA., Neylan TC; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA., Clifford GD; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA., Jovanovic T; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA., Germine LT; Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.; The Many Brains Project, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA., Bollen KA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA., Rauch SL; Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA., Haran JP; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA., Storrow AB; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA., Lewandowski C; Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA., Musey PI Jr; Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA., Hendry PL; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine -Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, 32209, USA., Sheikh S; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine -Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, 32209, USA., Jones CW; Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA., Punches BE; Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.; Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA., Pascual JL; Department of Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA., Seamon MJ; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.; Division of Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA., Harris E; Department of Emergency Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA., Pearson C; Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA., Peak DA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA., Domeier RM; Department of Emergency Medicine, Trinity Health-Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA., Rathlev NK; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, 01107, USA., O'Neil BJ; Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA., Sergot P; Department of Emergency Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA., Bruce SE; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA., McLean SA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA.; Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA., Denckla CA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
Source: Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology [Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol] 2025 May; Vol. 60 (5), pp. 1135-1149. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Feb 07.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer International Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 8804358 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1433-9285 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09337954 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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ISSN:1433-9285
DOI:10.1007/s00127-025-02821-7