Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Expression and Activation in COVID-19 and Long COVID: From SARS-CoV-2 Escape Mechanisms to Emerging PRR-Targeted Immunotherapies.

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Title: Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Expression and Activation in COVID-19 and Long COVID: From SARS-CoV-2 Escape Mechanisms to Emerging PRR-Targeted Immunotherapies.
Authors: Maddaloni L; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy., Bugani G; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy., Fracella M; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy., Bitossi C; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy., D'Auria A; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy., Aloisi F; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy., Azri A; USCR-SAG Unit, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia., Santinelli L; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy., Ben M'Hadheb M; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia., Pierangeli A; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy., Frasca F; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy., Scagnolari C; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.; Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Source: Microorganisms [Microorganisms] 2025 Sep 17; Vol. 13 (9). Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 17.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: MDPI AG Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101625893 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2076-2607 (Print) Linking ISSN: 20762607 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microorganisms Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
Description
ISSN:2076-2607
DOI:10.3390/microorganisms13092176