Risk of kidney failure and death associated with target-dose (vs. below-target-dose) RAS inhibitors in HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF: Spline-based reassessment of subgroup findings.

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Title: Risk of kidney failure and death associated with target-dose (vs. below-target-dose) RAS inhibitors in HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF: Spline-based reassessment of subgroup findings.
Authors: Raman VK; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA., Vargas JD; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA., Moore HJ; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Uniformed Services University, Washington, DC, USA., Wu WC; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Brown University, Providence,RI, USA., Patel SS; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA., Zhang S; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA., Morgan CJ; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA., Lam PH; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA; MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA., Heidenreich PA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Lu F; Brown University, Providence,RI, USA., Ahmed AA; Yale University, New Haven,CT, USA., Fonarow GC; University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA., Ahmed A; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: ali.ahmed@va.gov.
Source: The American journal of medicine [Am J Med] 2026 May; Vol. 139 (5), pp. e152-e156. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 21.
Publication Type: Letter
Journal Info: Publisher: Excerpta Medica Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0267200 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1555-7162 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00029343 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Am J Med Subsets: MEDLINE; In Process
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
Description
ISSN:1555-7162
DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2026.01.035