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Risk of kidney failure and death associated with target-dose (vs. below-target-dose) RAS inhibitors in HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF: Spline-based reassessment of subgroup findings.

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Title: Risk of kidney failure and death associated with target-dose (vs. below-target-dose) RAS inhibitors in HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF: Spline-based reassessment of subgroup findings.
Authors: Raman VK; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA., Vargas JD; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA., Moore HJ; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Uniformed Services University, Washington, DC, USA., Wu WC; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Brown University, Providence,RI, USA., Patel SS; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA., Zhang S; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA., Morgan CJ; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA., Lam PH; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA; MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA., Heidenreich PA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Lu F; Brown University, Providence,RI, USA., Ahmed AA; Yale University, New Haven,CT, USA., Fonarow GC; University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA., Ahmed A; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: ali.ahmed@va.gov.
Source: The American journal of medicine [Am J Med] 2026 May; Vol. 139 (5), pp. e152-e156. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 21.
Publication Type: Letter
Journal Info: Publisher: Excerpta Medica Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0267200 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1555-7162 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00029343 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Am J Med Subsets: MEDLINE; In Process
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: Risk of kidney failure and death associated with target-dose (vs. below-target-dose) RAS inhibitors in HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF: Spline-based reassessment of subgroup findings.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Raman+VK%22">Raman VK</searchLink>; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vargas+JD%22">Vargas JD</searchLink>; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Moore+HJ%22">Moore HJ</searchLink>; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Uniformed Services University, Washington, DC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wu+WC%22">Wu WC</searchLink>; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Brown University, Providence,RI, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Patel+SS%22">Patel SS</searchLink>; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+S%22">Zhang S</searchLink>; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Morgan+CJ%22">Morgan CJ</searchLink>; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lam+PH%22">Lam PH</searchLink>; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA; MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Heidenreich+PA%22">Heidenreich PA</searchLink>; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lu+F%22">Lu F</searchLink>; Brown University, Providence,RI, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ahmed+AA%22">Ahmed AA</searchLink>; Yale University, New Haven,CT, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fonarow+GC%22">Fonarow GC</searchLink>; University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ahmed+A%22">Ahmed A</searchLink>; Center for Data Science and Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University,Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: ali.ahmed@va.gov.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%220267200%22">The American journal of medicine</searchLink> [Am J Med] 2026 May; Vol. 139 (5), pp. e152-e156. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Feb 21.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Excerpta+Medica%22">Excerpta Medica </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>0267200 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1555-7162 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2200029343%22">00029343 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Am J Med <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE; In Process
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