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Botulinum toxin from foodborne hazard to aesthetic and biomedical tool: mechanisms, applications, detection strategies, and future perspectives.

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Title: Botulinum toxin from foodborne hazard to aesthetic and biomedical tool: mechanisms, applications, detection strategies, and future perspectives.
Authors: Adnan M; Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan., Waqar M; Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. mwaqarvet@gmail.com., Ahmed R; Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan., Afzal H; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan., Mueen MA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan., Qayyum U; Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan., Awlqadr FH; Food Science and Quality Control, Halabja Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq., Yaqoob MT; Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China., Ibrahim SRM; Department of Chemistry, Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia., Mohamed GA; Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia., Rafiq I; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Department of Microbiology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan. ummehoorain92@gmail.com., Mohamed HM; Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Medical & Health Sciences, Liwa University, Abu Dhabi, 41009, United Arab Emirates.; Department of Applied Medical Chemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Source: Archives of microbiology [Arch Microbiol] 2026 Apr 16; Vol. 208 (7). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 16.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 0410427 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-072X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03028933 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arch Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: Botulinum toxin from foodborne hazard to aesthetic and biomedical tool: mechanisms, applications, detection strategies, and future perspectives.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Adnan+M%22">Adnan M</searchLink>; Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Waqar+M%22">Waqar M</searchLink>; Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. mwaqarvet@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ahmed+R%22">Ahmed R</searchLink>; Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Afzal+H%22">Afzal H</searchLink>; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mueen+MA%22">Mueen MA</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Qayyum+U%22">Qayyum U</searchLink>; Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Awlqadr+FH%22">Awlqadr FH</searchLink>; Food Science and Quality Control, Halabja Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yaqoob+MT%22">Yaqoob MT</searchLink>; Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ibrahim+SRM%22">Ibrahim SRM</searchLink>; Department of Chemistry, Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mohamed+GA%22">Mohamed GA</searchLink>; Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rafiq+I%22">Rafiq I</searchLink>; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Department of Microbiology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan. ummehoorain92@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mohamed+HM%22">Mohamed HM</searchLink>; Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Medical & Health Sciences, Liwa University, Abu Dhabi, 41009, United Arab Emirates.; Department of Applied Medical Chemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%220410427%22">Archives of microbiology</searchLink> [Arch Microbiol] 2026 Apr 16; Vol. 208 (7). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Apr 16.
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