Botulinum toxin from foodborne hazard to aesthetic and biomedical tool: mechanisms, applications, detection strategies, and future perspectives.
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| Title: | Botulinum toxin from foodborne hazard to aesthetic and biomedical tool: mechanisms, applications, detection strategies, and future perspectives. |
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| Authors: | Adnan M; Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan., Waqar M; Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. mwaqarvet@gmail.com., Ahmed R; Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan., Afzal H; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan., Mueen MA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan., Qayyum U; Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan., Awlqadr FH; Food Science and Quality Control, Halabja Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq., Yaqoob MT; Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China., Ibrahim SRM; Department of Chemistry, Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia., Mohamed GA; Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia., Rafiq I; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Department of Microbiology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan. ummehoorain92@gmail.com., Mohamed HM; Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Medical & Health Sciences, Liwa University, Abu Dhabi, 41009, United Arab Emirates.; Department of Applied Medical Chemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. |
| Source: | Archives of microbiology [Arch Microbiol] 2026 Apr 16; Vol. 208 (7). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 16. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Review |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 0410427 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-072X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03028933 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arch Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Database: | MEDLINE Ultimate |
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