Assessing respiratory muscle effort during noninvasive respiratory support in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A State-of-the Art Review from physiology to bedside.

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Title: Assessing respiratory muscle effort during noninvasive respiratory support in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A State-of-the Art Review from physiology to bedside.
Authors: Fazzini B; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Intensive Care Medicine, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: b.fazzini@qmul.ac.uk., Tonelli R; Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences of Motherhood and Child, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy., Gosselink R; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Respiratory Rehabilitation and Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Stellenbosch University, South Africa., Lucchini A; Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy., Galazzi A; Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima (BA), Italy., Swingwood E; Adult Therapy Services, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Group, Bristol, UK; School of Health and Social Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK., Marti D; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain., Rezoagli E; School of Medicine and Surgery, university of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy., Paulus F; Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Faculty of Health, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Schultz MJ; Department of Anaesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Medical University Wien, Vienna, Austria; Department of Anaesthesiology, Rescue- and Pain Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, HOCH Health Ostschweiz, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand., Rocco PRM; Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil., Battaglini D; Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Italy; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Metropolitana, Genoa, Italy.
Source: Intensive & critical care nursing [Intensive Crit Care Nurs] 2026 Jul 06; Vol. 97, pp. 104490. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 06.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9211274 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1532-4036 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09643397 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Intensive Crit Care Nurs Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
Description
ISSN:1532-4036
DOI:10.1016/j.iccn.2026.104490