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Indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with tin oxide recombination layer and electrodes.

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Title: Indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with tin oxide recombination layer and electrodes.
Authors: Shi, Wei (AUTHOR), Wang, Shibo (AUTHOR), Wang, Shumao (AUTHOR), Zhang, Yue (AUTHOR), Ren, Xiaoqiong (AUTHOR), Yu, Cao (AUTHOR), Niu, Xinya (AUTHOR), Gao, Bo (AUTHOR), Yang, Liu (AUTHOR), Yang, Bowen (AUTHOR), Li, Wenhao (AUTHOR), Sun, Xinyao (AUTHOR), Yu, Jianwei (AUTHOR), Zhu, Jun (AUTHOR), Zhou, Shengxing (AUTHOR), Chen, Yihua (AUTHOR), Cao, Fengxian (AUTHOR), Gao, Kun (AUTHOR), Wang, Chang (AUTHOR), Chen, Xi (AUTHOR)
Source: Science. 7/9/2026, Vol. 393 Issue 6807, p200-206. 7p.
Subjects: Tin oxides, Electrodes, Plasma deposition, Electron-hole recombination, Silicon solar cells, Solar cell efficiency, Solar cells
Abstract: Indium-based transparent conductive oxides are widely used as electrodes and recombination layers in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, yet their scalability is constrained by indium scarcity and sputtering-induced damage. We report high-efficiency and stable indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells enabled by reactive plasma deposited tin oxide (RPD-SnOx). For RPD-SnOx as the recombination layer, we achieved a certified efficiency of 33.6%. Fully indium-free tandems that used RPD-SnOx as both recombination layer and electrodes delivered a champion power conversion efficiency of 33.2% (1 square centimeter) and a minimodule with a certified efficiency of 31.0% (207.9 square centimeters). Dense and uniform self-assembled monolayer anchoring enabled by RPD-SnOx suppressed nonradiative recombination and reduced halide migration. Indium-free minimodules exhibited high thermal, damp-heat, and outdoor operational stability and retained 65% of their maximum initial efficiency after 105 days of outdoor operation. Editor's summary: Reactive plasma deposited tin oxide (RPD-SnO2) can be an effective replacement for scarcer indium tin oxide in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Shi et al. showed that RPD-SnO2 can serve as a conducting electrode and as the recombination layer that connects two cells. Blade-coated minimodules (with an active area of about 200 square centimeters) had a certified power conversion efficiency of 31.0% and maintained 94% of that efficiency after 1000 hours of maximum power point tracking at 85°C. —Phil Szuromi [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Science is the property of American Association for the Advancement of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with tin oxide recombination layer and electrodes.
– Name: Author
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shi%2C+Wei%22">Shi, Wei</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Shibo%22">Wang, Shibo</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Shumao%22">Wang, Shumao</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Yue%22">Zhang, Yue</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ren%2C+Xiaoqiong%22">Ren, Xiaoqiong</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Cao%22">Yu, Cao</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Niu%2C+Xinya%22">Niu, Xinya</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gao%2C+Bo%22">Gao, Bo</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Liu%22">Yang, Liu</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Bowen%22">Yang, Bowen</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Wenhao%22">Li, Wenhao</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sun%2C+Xinyao%22">Sun, Xinyao</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Jianwei%22">Yu, Jianwei</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhu%2C+Jun%22">Zhu, Jun</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Shengxing%22">Zhou, Shengxing</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Yihua%22">Chen, Yihua</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cao%2C+Fengxian%22">Cao, Fengxian</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gao%2C+Kun%22">Gao, Kun</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Chang%22">Wang, Chang</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Xi%22">Chen, Xi</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Science%22">Science</searchLink>. 7/9/2026, Vol. 393 Issue 6807, p200-206. 7p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tin+oxides%22">Tin oxides</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrodes%22">Electrodes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plasma+deposition%22">Plasma deposition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electron-hole+recombination%22">Electron-hole recombination</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Silicon+solar+cells%22">Silicon solar cells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+cell+efficiency%22">Solar cell efficiency</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+cells%22">Solar cells</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Indium-based transparent conductive oxides are widely used as electrodes and recombination layers in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, yet their scalability is constrained by indium scarcity and sputtering-induced damage. We report high-efficiency and stable indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells enabled by reactive plasma deposited tin oxide (RPD-SnOx). For RPD-SnOx as the recombination layer, we achieved a certified efficiency of 33.6%. Fully indium-free tandems that used RPD-SnOx as both recombination layer and electrodes delivered a champion power conversion efficiency of 33.2% (1 square centimeter) and a minimodule with a certified efficiency of 31.0% (207.9 square centimeters). Dense and uniform self-assembled monolayer anchoring enabled by RPD-SnOx suppressed nonradiative recombination and reduced halide migration. Indium-free minimodules exhibited high thermal, damp-heat, and outdoor operational stability and retained 65% of their maximum initial efficiency after 105 days of outdoor operation. Editor's summary: Reactive plasma deposited tin oxide (RPD-SnO2) can be an effective replacement for scarcer indium tin oxide in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Shi et al. showed that RPD-SnO2 can serve as a conducting electrode and as the recombination layer that connects two cells. Blade-coated minimodules (with an active area of about 200 square centimeters) had a certified power conversion efficiency of 31.0% and maintained 94% of that efficiency after 1000 hours of maximum power point tracking at 85°C. —Phil Szuromi [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Science is the property of American Association for the Advancement of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1126/science.aef5355
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 7
        StartPage: 200
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      – SubjectFull: Tin oxides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrodes
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      – SubjectFull: Plasma deposition
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      – SubjectFull: Electron-hole recombination
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      – SubjectFull: Silicon solar cells
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      – SubjectFull: Solar cell efficiency
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      – SubjectFull: Solar cells
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